Found! An Old Medical History Manuscript, Author Now Known

Myrobalans (ཨ་རུ་ར་) in the Medicine Buddha's Hand

I know Tibetan medicine is not the top interest of Tibeto-logic readers. With one exception, blogs on that topic have not proven very popular. I still feel a duty to report on remarkable findings of historical texts about medicine. These texts are sorely unknown to the world. The one exception possible, the one people might know about, is the one composed by the Desi in 1702 CE, with its excellent 2010 English translation by Gavin Kilty. It was written by an important political figure who absorbed and in doing so seemed to have rendered all earlier such writings unnecessary. I see irony in the way the Desi, near the end of his book, dismissed one of them written before his as a ‘potpourri’ (p. 501). He says Tagtsang Lotsawa’s general history of the sciences is “like filling a water pot from here, there, and everywhere,” as if Tagtsang’s broadmindedness were a problem, as if limiting your medical history to what you can rifle out of previous medical histories constituted good science. But doing as I just did and saying what I just said creates too much of a contrast. In fact the Desi does at times demonstrate wide-ranging interests, reasoned use of his sources, and critical attention to details. Still, with some measure of truth we could say, if Tagtsang's work is a potpourri, Desi’s is a hodgepodge. And we ought to remember that the Desi had other reasons to feel antagonism toward Tagtsang: ongoing disputes concerning Tagtsang’s critiques of Tsongkhapa’s Buddhology. Going into that would digress too far (see the essays by Cabezón and Tauscher if this intrigues you more than medicine).

The work that got me started on this blog was located in the form of a scan at BDRC. Only idle serendipity is to blame as its title was not indexed or otherwise signaled there in any way. It was hidden in the second volume of scans (in a set of 12) under the BDRC number W4CN12098, overall a set of rare medical texts photographed in Amdo. I have to draw attention to it because it appears it has been so far overlooked, and might otherwise remain hidden. As a history book, it became a problem where to place it in the history of such books (see Martin’s bibliography). Besides, it is an old manuscript in a cursive hand of the sort that is still proving very challenging to current OCR programs. That means a transcription done by a human could remain useful long into the future.

Placed in the position of identifying who authored an early medical history, one of the more obvious places to look for clues is precisely the Desi’s treatment, near the end of his book, under the subtitle “30. Previous Histories of Medicine.” Looking at that passage I thought I could identify two promising prospects that could conceivably prove correct in the future. Meanwhile we need more information to achieve surety. Since our anonymous author (we will just call her or him or the manuscript itself “Anonymous”) basically echoes the outline of Cherjé’s history with its Seven Traditions and so on (see Martin’s essay), it is interesting to see the Desi lists a shortened version of Cherjé done by a person named Lhatsun Tashi Palsang, otherwise practically unknown to me.* I suppose this could be it, except that the title doesn’t correspond. So we have to leave the possibility aside for now. 

(*At p. 501. Ko-zhul has a brief biography of Lha-btsun Bkra-shis-dpal-bzang, placing his time of birth in the mid 14th century, and noting that among other things he composed a history of medicine with the title Khog-'bugs 'Dzum-dkar Bzhad-pa'i Nyi-ma.)

Another candidate we could consider is one the Desi describes in a whole paragraph. Its title is Treasury of Jewels: A General Explanation of the Science of Medicine (Gso-rig Spyi'i Rnam-bshad Rin-chen Bang-mdzod) and it was authored by an unnamed student of the Dakpo physician Karma Künphen.* Its title has a partial resemblance to Anonymous (that’s what we’ll call our manuscript fragment for the time being), and it shares the belief that the Four Tantras are indeed the Word of the Buddha (okay, but others believed this as well, so how far does this get us?). The further discussion on that point would have been on precisely those pages of Anonymous that would have immediately followed the existing ones, so unless we find a fuller version of the text we will probably never be able to know.

(*Dwags-po ’Tsho-byed Karma-kun-phan-pa. Desi’s book, p. 315, places him in the Zur medical school, and tells us he authored a commentary on the Bye-ba Ring-bsrel. This would place him in the last half of the 15th century or even later.)

So-o-o... Sorry for this lesson in groping in the dark. About all I can tell you at this point about chronology is that Anonymous’s book is not earlier than the 14th century. Because he mentions Nyedowa, exceptional among the early physicians for having exact dates (likely because he belonged to a prominent Zhijé lineage and not because he was a doctor), from 1268 to 1328 CE, the composition would definitely postdate him. Anonymous also mentions Chejé, likely active in middle decades of the 13th century. As an aside, notice how Desi tells us he knew about but had access to neither the Nyedowa nor the Chejé histories. These were rare works, not in wide circulation.

The author demonstrates skill and flare as a well-studied poet in the opening passages liberally demonstrating his mastery of paired or twinned syllables called yamaka (zung-ldan). In Indic and in Indic styles of Tibetan writing these word echoes could incite aesthetic rapture at the same heights as rhyme once did in western Eurasia and the Americas.

On the basis of this manuscript alone it is impossible to gauge how long the complete work would have been. It could have been quite lengthy since, like the Cherjé history written before it, it was conceived as a historical introduction to a commentary on the entire text.*

(*Noting that the Cherjé includes a false start on a commentary on the Eight Limbs of Vāgbhaṭa that had been translated into Tibetan in 1015 CE, while Anonymous would have continued with a commentary on the Four Tantras, perhaps revealed by Drapa Ngönshé sometime near or after 1100 CE, and/or made public in a redacted form in the circle of Yuthokpa a century later?)

I think the myth of human medicine’s foundational moments, found elsewhere, is very nicely told in this one. To summarize the story severely just to supply a taste of it: The god Brahma had his cheek (khur-tshos) sliced by Vishnu’s discus, this being the origin of both wounds (rma) and wound treatment (rma bcos). It was through this cheek wound that he pronounced a few words, evidently the initial words, of a medical scripture that he suddenly remembered, Oṃ atha. Later on, when the first human by the name of Manu descended to Jambu Island from the Clear Light heaven, he overindulged in divine nectar and got the first bodily ailment that required treatment, indigestion (ma-zhu-ba). Brahma heard his cries of pain and, rushing to his rescue, performed the first treatment of a bodily ailment, curing it with boiled water. There are truths in myths, good reasons they are told.

What I imagine you are thinking could not be further from being incorrect — Yes, okay, I suppose I ought to translate the entire text, but difficult readings get in my way, so for the time being I will just refer you to the similar accounts told in Desi’s history (or even better, McGrath’s essay). Those of you who find the Wylie Tibetan discouraging for any reason can at least scroll down and see what areas are covered, just look for the red-lettered subheadings in English.

Yesterday was one of those mornings. I had already thought of pushing the "Publish" button the day before. But soon after I sat down with my morning coffee to work on this blog I found something that completely overturned my apple cart. I had taken care to stack those apples into a neat pyramid, and now the pieces of my arguments were rolling all over the ground in different directions. Now will it even make sense to try and create the same pyramid? On the other hand, it seems we might be getting somewhere after all.

What I found, first of all, was a history of medicine that shares the same outline as our Anonymous. For simplicity I will call this the Drosawa history. Already just having a common outline bears significance. It could mean Anonymous got copied by a later author, or at least inspired the outline. But when I did locate an available copy of Drosawa, I could quickly see they share more than the outline, much more as it turned out. The highly poetic stanzas at the beginning with their elegant word-echoes are closely identical twins. By now the easiest conclusion would be that Anonymous and Drosawa are the same identical history, only preserved for us in two distinct manuscripts. Neither of the two is complete, neither bears an authorship colophon. However, the manuscript that underlies Drosawa, in its 2008 edition, does supply an author on its title page. Let’s have a look at that title page in the manuscript facsimile that underlies the 2008 (the scan is quite difficult to read, and pixilates when you attempt to enlarge it): Gso-ba Rig-pa'i Khog-'bubs Legs-bshad Bai-ḍūrya'i Chu-rgyun Tshogs-gnyis-rgya-mtshos Gro-pa'i Chos-grwar Sbyar-ba. On a second line beneath the first is a statement on the ownership of the book that may prove significant. This line says it was the copy belonging to Gyalsé Jigmé (Rgyal-sras ’Jigs-med). This very surely means the well-known ruler ’On Rgyal-sras IV ’Jigs-med-ye-shes-grags-pa (1696-1740) who served as Regent of Tibet from 1728 to 1735.* His ownership of the manuscript would make sense, since our main information about it comes from the earlier Regent of Tibet Desi’s history (p. 497) where it says, quoting the English: 

“• Stream of Beryl: A History of Four Tantras by Tsoknyi Gyatso of Phenyül Drosawa. Generally, this work is in keeping with most of the early-translation medical canon. It asserts Four Tantras to be the word of the Buddha taught in the land of Oḍḍiyāna during the middle turning of the wheel of Dharma, that it belongs to the Vinaya basket of the three scriptural divisions, but that it is not a revealed treasure.”

I see this agrees with Anonymous at least on the point of the Four Tantras being Buddha Word. However, we can easily check if our Drosawa history agrees on the further three points: [1] that this happened in Oḍḍiyāna as part of th Middle Turning of the Wheel of Dharma, [2] that it belongs to the Vinaya basket, and [3] that it is not a revealed treasure, not a terma.  Unlike Anonymous, Drosawa does have the pages that ought to contain these discussions, so I will go have a look and let you know.

(*See entry no. 384 in Martin’s book for more details, as he was author of an important political history of the Gandenpa that doesn’t appear to be available to anyone today. One interesting thing about him, he may have been in favor of opening religious exchanges with the Catholics of Italy. See Engelhardt’s essay, p. 71.)

Okay, now I’m back with the answers. [1] Yes, Grosawa does say it belongs to the middle Wheel Turning (2017 edition, at p. 280, line 12).  [2] Yes, he says the Buddha preached it in Oḍḍiyāna (O-rgyan) which this particular author identifies as none other than the Medicine Buddha paradise of Sudarśana (Lta-na-sdug, at line 23). Other authors locate this paradise in other places. [2] Yes, he says it belongs to the Vinaya Basket (p. 281, line 5). [3] No, he doesn’t state that it was not a treasure text. There is nothing explicit to that effect available in any of the versions of the text that I could find. Given that the first two questions are answered in the affirmative, I suppose it wasn’t necessary for Drosawa to mention that the Four Tantras are not termas. He does place them within the Bodhisattva Vehicle among the nine stages of Vehicles (this casual mention of nine Vehicles among other things suggests the author was a Nyingmapa). The Desi might have been reading between the lines here.

So basically what we are left with in the end is two manuscript traditions with very different front titles that are nevertheless versions of the same composition. It’s writing would have to date before, but not too long before, Desi’s 1703 CE history with its brief description well suiting what we do find contained in it. Both manuscripts are incomplete, the longer one is itself missing two folios near its beginning. Spot checking here and there, I can see that there are quite significantly different readings meaning the two manuscripts didn't have much shared transmission history. I should do it, but I don't have the energy for it right now. 

And by now I must correct myself, since I could get access to the 2008 published version* that in fact appears to be complete. It is the only one with an intact author’s colophon. So putting the three versions together would make a lot of sense, it may even be necessary to make sense of many passages, missing or obscured in one manuscript or another. I admit it. But my keyboard muscles balk at the effort. Perhaps you would like to make a critical text edition to fulfill some requirement or another. I personally would thank you for undertaking it with the care and affection that is its due.

(*It is listed within entry no. 370 in Martin’s bibliography. I could find a way to look at it at archive.org by signing in and temporarily ‘borrowing’ it.)

There are not a lot of sources on who Drosawa was, but what they do tell us is that as a young man he was known by the name Norbu Rabten (Nor-bu-rab-brtan), then he entered a monastery. Eventually, summoned to the Tibetan capital, he became a long-term medical student of the ruler Desi Sangyé Gyatso, passing his medical examination based on memorizing the Four Tantras in 1688. He went on to practice medicine, disappearing into China where we lose track of him completely. Perhaps all is not lost, even while nothing ever turns out as you planned.

Earlier Tibeto-logic Blogs

“Channels = Veins, Nerves & What, Sinews?” (January 27, 2017). 

“Do You Believe in Doctors?” (December 10, 2024).  

“Foreign Doctors in Tibet? An Old Zhijé Source Shows Up” (December 16, 2017). This is in part about the circa 1300 medical history by the Zhijé teacher Nyedowa Kunga Döndrup (a transcription is located at Tiblical website).

§  §  §

Book Resources

Anonymous, Khog-’bubs Rin-chen ’Bar-ba’i Gter-mdzod, a cursive manuscript, incomplete in 24 (?) folios, with some corners damaged, and no colophon information. I only know of this so far uncatalogued manuscript because it is contained in BDRC no. W4CN12098, vol. 2. For a transcription of the text in its entirety, see below. No positive matches resulted from Internet and BUDA searches in 2024 and early 2025.

José Cabezón, “On the Sgra pa Shes rab rin chen pa'i rtsod lan of Paṇ chen Blo bzang chos rgyan,” Asiatische Studien, vol. 49, no. 4 (1995), pp. 643-670.

Desi Sangyé Gyatso (Sde-srid Sangs-rgyas-rgya-mtsho), Mirror of Beryl: A Historical Introduction to Tibetan Medicine, translated by Gavin Kilty, The Library of Tibetan Classics series no. 28, Wisdom (Boston 2010).

Phanyul Drosawa Tsognyi Gyatso, (aka Chags-pa-chos-’phel, ’Phan-yul Gro-sa-ba Tshogs-gnyis-rgya-mtsho), Gso-ba Rig-pa’i Khog-’bugs Legs-bshad Bai-ḍūrya’i Chu-rgyun, contained in: Lung-rig-bstan-dar & Tshogs-gnyis-rgya-mtsho, Gso-rig Byung-tshul Dri-med Bai-ḍūrya’i Me-long, Khog-’bugs Legs-bshad Bai-ḍūrya’i Chu-rgyun, Bod-kyi Gso-ba Rig-pa’i Gna’-dpe Phyogs-bsgrigs Dpe-tshogs series no. 111, Mi-rigs Dpe-skrun-khang (Beijing 2017), pp. 215-296. TBRC no. W8LS68280.  For more versions including one published manuscript facsimile and one edited text that appears to be complete, see the listing in Martin’s Tibetan Histories, no.  370, where it is dated to circa 1700 (?). Now I am thinking it could date somewhat earlier than 1700, but not too much earlier, and not later than 1703.

A history of medicine. Bio.: A brief biography of the author appears in Gangs-can Mkhas-grub, pp. 545-546. TBRC no. P3627. Dates: Its colophon pages are missing, so the author and his dating are based on biographical sketches added by modern editors (or rather on the title page author attribution in manuscript). The author, also known as Chags-pa-chos-’phel, was born in about the late 17th century, and was a medical disciple of Sde-srid Sangs-rgyas-rgya-mtsho. 

Isrun Engelhardt, “Between Tolerance & Dogmatism: Tibetan Reactions to the Capuchin Missionaries in Lhasa, 1707-1745,” Zentralasiatische Studien, vol. 34 (2005), pp. 55-98.

James Duncan Gentry, “Arguing over the Buddhist Pedigree of Tibetan Medicine: A Case Study of Empirical Observation and Traditional Learning in 16th- and 17th-Century Tibet,” Religions [online journal], vol. 10, issue 9 (2019), in 27 pages. This is about the controversies over the Four Tantras as Word of Buddha, in particular the arguments of Sog-bzlog-pa Blo-gros-rgyal-mtshan (1552-1624) in his work, Rgyud-bzhi’i Bka'-bsgrub Nges-don Snying-po.

Janet Gyatso, Being Human in a Buddhist World: An Intellectual History of Medicine in Early Modern Tibet, Columbia University Press (New York 2015). At the moment I would draw attention to the long chapter on the issue of whether or not the Four Tantras are Word of Buddha (pp. 131-137, 143-191), as well as two mentions of Drosawa (pp. 97, 126). It seems that Drosawa was responsible for writing up the first draft of the Desi’s medical masterpiece, the Blue Beryl, based on the Desi’s notes.

Ko-zhul Grags-pa-’byung-gnas & Rgyal-ba-blo-bzang-mkhas-grub, Gangs-can Mkhas-grub Rim-byon Ming-mdzod (A Dictionary of Historical Masters of Learning and Accomplishment in the Land of Glaciers), Kan-su'u Mi-rigs Dpe-skrun-khang (Lanzhou 1992). On pp. 545-546 is a brief biographical sketch on our author Grosawa. He has been assigned a Person ID at BDRC, P3627, that does not as of today take account of his alternative names.

D. Martin, “An Early Tibetan History of Indian Medicine,” contained in: Mona Schrempf, ed., Soundings in Tibetan Medicine: Anthropological and Historical Perspectives, Brill (Leiden 2007), pp. 307-325. 

This is on the medical history by the thirteenth-century physician Chejé (full name Che-rje Zhang-ston Zhig-po Thugs-rje-khri-’od) entitled

Sman-gyi Byung-tshul Khog-dbubs Rgyal-mtshan Rtse-mo ’Bar-ba

or

སྨན་གྱི་བྱུང་ཚུལ་ཁོག་དབུབས་རྒྱལ་མཚན་རྩེ་མོ་འབར་བ།། 

preserved in the Tucci Collection in the National Library in Rome. A few other manuscripts are rumored to exist both inside and outside Tibet, but I have been unable to learn more about them, and they have not yet been made public in any form so far as I know.

——, Tibetan Histories: A Bibliography of Tibetan-Language Historical Works, revised and expanded edition available online at BDRC (2020). You may easily generate a chronological listing of Tibetan medical histories, just open the PDF or Word file and search for “medic”. This bibliography is still undergoing revisions, to continue until the end of time.

William McGrath, “Origin Narratives of the Tibetan Medical Tradition: History, Legend and Myth,” a pre-published draft posted at Academia.edu (2017). You might be able to download the published version at the Brill website. It translates a very early account of the origins of medicine in Brahma’s cheek wound. I need to acknowledge this author’s extraordinary help with some questions I had during the making of this blog. He should be held responsible for all of my mistakes, even if I doubt this will ever happen.

Helmut Tauscher, “Controversies in Tibetan Madhyamaka Exegesis: sTag-tshaṅ Lotsaba’s Critique of Tsoṅ kha pa’s Assertion of Validly Established Phenomena,” Asiatische Studien, vol. 46 (1992), pp. 411-436.

Yang Ga (Dbyangs-dga’, 1964-2022), “The Origins of the Four Tantras and an Account of Its Author, Yuthog Yonten Gonpo,” contained in: Theresia Hofer, ed., Bodies in Balance: The Art of Tibetan Medicine, Rubin Museum (New York 2014), pp. 154-177.

—— The Sources for the Writing of the Rgyud bzhi, Tibetan Medical Classic, doctoral dissertation, Harvard University (2010), in 450 pages. The conclusion is that the Four Tantras text was compiled by Yuthogpa in the 12th century, that Yuthogpa even wrote three works that might be considered as earlier drafts. In addition to the Four Tantras’ heavy textual dependence on the Eight Limbs of Vāgbhaṭa, Yang Ga identified three imperial-period medical works that surely entered into the mix.

Transcription of Medical History, A Treasury of Jewels Ablaze  ༓  ཁོག་འབུབས་རིན་ཆེན་འབར་བའི་གཏེར་མཛོད།།

If you want to know my methods, see “Notes on text transcription” appended at the end. 

[1r] khog 'bubs rin chen 'bar ba'i gter mdzod bzhugs s.ho //

[repeated 2x]

[1v] naḥ ma bhai dar cho rje ye (??) /

rab mdzes sne dur ri bo'i phrag pa la //

'thun mtshams chu 'dzin bla gos 'phos [~'chos?] pa bzhin //

'khor gyi chu gter bzhi'i dbus mtho ba'i //

sman rgyal rin chen rdul rtsegs rgyal gyur cig //

bdud rtsi snying po yan lag brgyad pa gsang ba man ngag gi rgyud kyi khog 'bubs rin chen 'bar ba'i gter mdzod zhes bya ba / 

chos tshul rab ston ston pa'i shes rab can //

bdud las rnam rgyal rgyal ba'i mthu stobs can //

nyon mongs rab zhi zhi ba'i thugs rje can //

mchod par 'os kun kun du bdag gis mchod //

rgyal bas gsungs pa'i yon tan kun ldan zhing //

rgyal sras tshul 'dzin bcud len dngos grub brnyes //

rgyal ba'i mdzad pas dug gsum nad rnams sel //

rgyal sras drang srong rnams la gus par 'dud //

bso rigs phyogs la sgos gsum gus pa yis //

bso rigs don du dka' ba dpag med mdzad //

bso rigs sbyin pas dug lnga 'joms pa'i //

bso rigs drang srong rgyud 'dzin rgyal gyur cig //

legs bshad bso rigs dka' dang bstan chos las // [2r]

legs bshad bdud rtsi lta bu'i bcud bsdus nas //

legs bshad rin chen 'bar ba'i gter mdzod 'di //

legs bshad don gnyer rnams kyis don du rtsam //

bdud rtsi snying po gsang ba man ngag gi rgyud chen 'di // bso ba rigs pa'i bka' dang stan chos [~bstan bcos] thams cad 'dir 'dus shing gsal bar [b]stan pas // bso ba rigs pa'i theg pa thams cad kyi yang rtse yin pa'i che ba // so dpyad thams cad ma rmongs par grol ba / bso ba rig pa'i lung thams cad kyi 'brel pa yin pa'i che ba / bso dpyad thams cad kyi rgyud thams cad 'di yis zil gyis non pas / rgyud thams cad kyi rgyal po yin pa'i che ba / nad kyi bso thabs thams cad ma tshang ba dang ma 'dus pa med pas / bso ba rig pa'i man ngag thams cad kyi rtsa ba yin pa'i che ba / bso dpyad thams cad kyi gnad 'di las 'byung bas / bso ba rig pa thams cad kyi snying po yin pa'i che ba / nad dang bso thabs thams cad ma sgribs par gsal bar ston pa / bso ba rig pa thams cad kyi me long yin pa'i che ba / bso dpyad thams cad kyi bcud bsdus pas / bso ba rig pa thams cad kyi snying po yin pa'i che ba nad kyi bsdug ngal ma lus par sel bas / bdud rtsi'i chu rgyun yin pa'i che ba / 'chi bdag gi bdud la skyobs pas / mi 'jigs pa skyabs kyi sbyin pa yin pa'i che ba / sems can thams cad kyi 'dod pa phyogs med du bskyong bas / 'gro ba kun gyi spyi'i nor bu yin pa'i che ba / nad med pa rnams la nad mi 'byung bar byed cing / na ba rnams 'du ba [~'dul ba?] 'phel zad cha snyams nas / 'jig rten [2v] 'dir tshe ring zhing grags dang longs spyod thob pa /

[Outline of the main body of this history]

phyi ma tho ris dang thar pa thob par byed pa / dgos 'dod thams cad 'byung bas yid bzhin gyi nor bu lta bu yin pa'i che ba ste / che ba bcu gcig dang ldan pa'i rgyud sde chen po 'di la / stod seng ge lta bur dpungs nas ston pa / smad chu bo ltar 'byams nas ston pa / skyed pa [~rked pa?] man ngag dang bcas nas ston pa dang gsum yod pa las / 'dir stod dpungs dang cha thun du ston pa la don gnyis ste / khog 'bubs stong 'thun gyi rnam par bzhag pa dang / rgyud don ngo bo'i rnam par bzhag pa'o //

dang po rgyud bsre 'dir ni ngos bzung ba'i phyir bso ba rig pa'i 'byung tshul gyi khog 'bubs la gsum ste / bso ba rig pa ji ltar byung ba'i tshul dang / rgyud sde'i ngos ji ltar bung ba'i tshul dang / bso rig pa'i dgos pa stan pa'o //

dang po la gnyis ste / dngos su stan pa zhar la byung ba stan pa'o //

dang po la bzhi ste / bso rig pa ji ltar dran pa'i tshul bstan pa / bso ba igs pa'i lugs kyi rnam grangs stan pa / bso ba rig pa ji ltar sdus pa'i tshul bstan pa / gangs can 'khrod du bso ba rig pa ji ltar bsgyur ba'i tshul bstan pa'o //

dang po bso ba rig pa ji ltar dran pa'i tshul ni rin chen dpungs pa las / shâkya thub pa mi mjed 'jig rten 'dir / dug lnga'i nad sel sman gzhung chen po rtsams shâkya thub pas byin brlabs lha mchog tshangs pas dran / mu stegs kha cig tshangs pa snga zer trul [~'khrul] / ces pa dang dran tshul lnga ste / gnas gang du dran pa / rkyen gang gis [3r] dran pas / dngos po gang dran pa / dgos pa gang gi phyir dran pa / tshul ji ltar dran pa'o //

dang po gnas ni tshangs pa'i gnas gzhal yas khang yid las grubs pa / rin po che'i gzhal yas khang sgo bzhi rta babs dang bcas pa de nyid du dran / 

gnyis pa rkyen yi sgra can gyi 'khor lo 'phangs pas / tshangs pa'i khur tshogs snand pas tshor ba nyams thag pa dran / 

gsum pa dngos po ni / sngon thub pa'i bso dpyad 'bum sde dran /

bzhi pa dgos pa ni / rang gzhin gyi sdug bsngal sel zhing tshe gnas par byed pa mchog gi bde ba bsgrub pa'i phyir dran /

snga pa [~lnga pa] tshul ji ltar dran pa'i lo rgyus ni / sngon rgya mtsho chen po yi g.yo ba'i dbus na / bcud bdud rtsi'i bum pa gang yod ces lha dang lha ma yin gyi gnas su grags so //

[The first wound and its treatment. Brahma is wounded in his cheek, and the treatment of wounds is invented. How poison entered into the world]

de'i tshe sgra can 'dzin bling bzhi [~gling bzhi] bskor rgyu ba las / dpyid zla ra ba nya 'i nub mo / ri rab kyi lho phyogs su zla ba'i 'od rgya mtsho la g.yon [?] pa'i tshe / rgya mtsho chen po'i dbyings rnam par mi g.yo ba'i dbus na chu shel gyi bum pa rin po che'i snying po ltar gsal ba kho bos mthong ces sgros / 

de'i tshe lha dang lha ma yin pa kun gyis blang bar sgros nas / ri rab la srub shing byas / klu rnams la srub thag byas / me[s] po tshangs pas spyi bo nas gnan te srubs pas / dug ha la ha la zhes bya ba gdong dgu pa / skra ser ba mig nas rab tu 'jigs pa'i me 'bar ba gdong pa re re la 'che ba [~mche ba] rno zhing dbal dang ldan pa bzhi bcu (?) rtsigs pa / gzi brjid kyi phung po ra tu 'bar ba cig byung ste / gang yang thos sam [3v] mthong ba thams cad skrag cing rgyal bar gyur te / 'thun mong gi rdzu 'phrul can gang gis kyang thul bar ma gyur to //

de skad du yang dpa' bo'i snying po sdus pa la / sngon ni lha dang lha min gyis / bdud rtsi 'dod pas srubs pa'i ri / bdud brtsi 'byung ba'i sngon rol du / skyes bu shin tu 'jigs pa'i gzugs / skra ser mig nas me 'bar ba / che ba bzhi pa gzi brjid 'bar / de thong 'gro ba sdul 'gyur / der lha ces gsungs so //

der lha khag na re tshangs pa rgan pas dris zer nas dris pas / tshangs pas bsam pa / sngon sangs rgyas kyi hal nas ma 'ongs pa'i dus na dug ha la ha la zhes bya ba 'byung ste / de la khyod kyis hūṃ rings kyi sdigs cig gsungs pa dran te / tshangs pas hūṃ zhes brjod pas / dug de mi snang bar gyur nas / srog can dang srog med gnyis la zhugs te / rgyu ba'i dug srin po a lang kâ ra dang / khyi 'i dug dang sbrul gyi dug dang / byi la'i dug la sogspa rang rang la thim mo // mi rgyu ba'i dug ni rtsan dug dang / ra dug dang thar nu la sogs pa rang rang la thim ----- par gyur to //

de yang dpa' bo'i snying po bsdus pa las / tshangs pas hūṃ zhes brjod pa yis / slu ba'i bdag nyid can spangs te / dug de rgyu dang mi rgyu yi / bye brag gnyis las zhugs pa yin // ces gsungs so //

yang bsrubs pa las / chu shel gyi bum pa bdud rtsis gang ba bcig byung ng // de nas ri rab kyi steng yid las grub pa rnam par rgyal ba'i gzhal med khang du tshangs pa la sogs pa'i lha rnams dang / lha ma yin gyi dbang po rnams gral rim par [4r] bshams te / sgra can gyis bum pa kha phye nas thams cad 'dren par brtsams pa dang / [insertion above the line: sgra [g]can khyab 'jug ra hu gsum / 'di gsum ming gi rnam drangs yin] ra hû las sams pa bdud rtsi 'di shin tu brnyed dka' bas / rang gis thungs nas bros nas legs snyam nas / gnyis 'dzin gyi rtog pas bdud rtsi thungs nas / rdzu 'phrul gyis nam mkha' la bros so //

tshangs pa la sogs pas phyi bzhin du ded pas zin la khad pa dang / sgra [g]can gyis 'khor lo rang gi bsod nams las grub pa'i [m]tshon cha'i 'khor lo dam bcas bzhi ldan bya ba yod pa 'phangs pas / tshangs pa'i khur tshogs [~khur tshos] la 'phog / yang tshangs pas 'tshon cha'i 'khor lo 'phangs pas / sgra [g]can gyi ni skye bcad do //

de skad du yang / klu bsgrub kyis bdud rtsi snying po las / sngon tshe bza' skar râ hu las / bdud rtsi thungs tshe mgo bo ni / sgra can gyis ni 'khor los bcad / ces pa dang /

dpa' bo'i snying po bsdus pa' gnas phyi ma las / sgra can bdud rtsi skus pa la khyab 'jug gis ni skye bcad pas / ces gsungs so //

khyab 'jug dang sgra can gcig par gsal lo //

sngags kyi rgyud la la ni / sgra can gyi lus dum bu brgyad du dgos pa yag gsungs so /

de yan chad lha la thab rtsod med cing longs spyod la yengs pa dang snyoms 'jug la 'byams ste ma dran pa'o //

de nas tshangs pas rang gi khur tshogs kyi tshor ba drag pos rkyen byas pa dang / lus can gzhan yang nad dang ldan pa rnams shin tu sdug bsngal bar thong nas / snying rje drag pos 'phan pa'i thabs bsams pas / sngon 'das pa'i dus su / ston pa thub pa'i dbang pos gsungs pa'i bso dpyad 'bum sde dran te / [4v] bso ba'i las la sbyar bas rang gi khur tshos myur du sos ste sngon bzhin du gyur cing / gzhan yang nad kyi sdug bsngal las thar ba mang po byung ngo //

[An account of the original bodily ailment, a case of indigestion.]

yang lugs gcig la sngon bskal pa chags pa'i dus su / 'od gsal gyi lha bsod nams chung ngu gcig 'dzam bu'i gling du lhung ste / de la shed bu zhes grags so // de yi tshe bdud rtsi la sogs pa'i kha zas med pas bkres te / lag pas sa la sbyar bas sa'i zhag cig 'dres byung bas myangs pas / ro mchog brgyad dang ldan pas cig byung nas rgyun du za'o //

res shig lha'i bu bdud rtsi zos pa'i zhag 'ju dka' bar gyur nas / ma zhu ba'i nad kyis zug rnu drag po gyur ste / skad ngan ton pas tshangs pas thos pas ci yin dgongs pa dang / sems can shed bu de la ma zhu ba'i nad kyis sdug bsngal drag po byung bar mkhyen nas / de yi thabs bsams pas / sngon sangs rgyas shâkya thub pa chen pos gsungs pa'i bso dpyad 'bum sde las / ma zhu'i nad la chu skol btang bar bya zhes pa dran te / chu skol btang bas shed bu de'i nad drag go //

de nas nad pa la snga ba shed bu / nad la snga ba ma zhu ba / sman la snga ba chu bskol / sman pa la snga ba tshangs pa zhes pa'i bso dpyad tshul de ltar dran zhes kyang grags so //

[Seven-fold enumeration of medical systems. This is close to, but differs from, the earlier lists of seven systems in the Cherjé  and Nyedowa histories]

gnyis pa bso ba rig pa'i lugs kyi rnam grangs bstan pa la bdun te /

[1] ston pa sangs rgyas kyi lugs /

[2] rgyal sras byang chub sems dpa'i lugs /

[3] skal bzangs lha'i lugs /

[4] rigs 'dzin drang srong gi lugs /

[5] blo ldan 'phags pa'i lugs /

[6] 'dzam gling mkhas pa'i lugs /

[7] phyi rol mu stegs pa'i lugs so //

[1. The traditions of our Teacher, the Buddha]

thub pa chen pos gsungs pa'i bso dpyad 'bum [5r] sde la sho lo ka 'bum phrag cig / bdag cag gi ston pa thub pa'i dbang pos gsungs pa'i cer thong rig pa'i rgyud las / sho lo ka 'bum phrag cig / le 'u stong / shel gyi me long rgyud la le'u lnga bcu byang khog bse sgrom dmar po / 'dul ba sman gyi lugs / gser 'od chu 'bebs kyi le'u sangs rgyas sman lhas gsungs pa'i sho lo ka sde bzhi [insert above the first line: sde bzhi zhes pa ni / rgyud bzhi yin te sangs rgyas sman blas gsungs pa'i phyir / sde bzhi yin par khyab po] / bdud rtsi lhung bzed che chung gnyis / bdud rtsi dum snying / bdud rtsi snying po yan lag brgyad pa gsang ba man ngag gi rgyud la gnas bcu gcig / skabs bco lnga mdo bzhi le'u brgya lnga bcu rtsa drug la sogs pa rnams so //

[2. The traditions of the Victors’ sons, the Bodhisattvas]

gnyis pa rgyal sras byang chub sems dpa'i lugs ni / 'phags pa 'jam dpal gyis mgo bo bdud rtsi lhung bzed rin po che'i sgrom bu / mdo 'brel che chung gnyis / byang khog don khrems 'khrul gyi rgya long / yan lag phyag gi rta las byung ba'i rin po che'i mdzod lnga / sbyor ba'i 'grel pa / bya log nor bu phreng ba la sogs pa mang du mdzad do //

spyan ras gzigs kyis / mgo bo rig pa dam pa spyad gzungs / rgyan dam pa bdud rtsi'i thigs pa / bdud rtsi chu rgyun che chung gnyis / spar (?) chen mo / spungs pa sde lnga / byang khog 'grem pa dmar nag la sogs pa mang po mdzad do //

phyag na rdo rjes / mgo bo'i rtsod pa zlog pa / byang khog ro bkra ba / 'phrul gyi me long gi rgyud gsum / lcags lo nag po'i rgyud  / 'jam cos che chung gnyis / yan lag nag po'i rgyud gsum la sogs pa du ma mdzad do //

rje btsun ma sgrol mas sman gyi lha mo brgya rtsa gnyis las bshad pa'i mi 'jigs pa brgyad gyi tshon cha / zug rngu gsal babs [5v] drug pa / g.yu bya ne btsor sprul nas gsungs pa'i bso dpyad ne tso'i bskor la sogs pa ji snyed gsungs pa rnams ni rgyal sras byang chub sems dpa'i lugs so //

[3. Traditions of the gods of the good eon]

gsum pa bskal bzangs lha'i lugs ni / lha'i dbang po tshangs pas gsang ba'i snying po'i don bsdus zhe[s] bya ba mdzad do // skye dgu'i bdag po nyur bas 'phrul gyi me long mdzad do // tha skar gyi bu dpal gros dang thang gros gnyis kyi ces pa drug pa mdzad / lha'i dban po [b]rgya byin gyis byang khog 'khrems kyi lugs dang / ces pa bsdus pa dang / rin po che'i 'od phro ba'i rgyud la sogs pa mang po mdzad do // sman gyi lha mo nor rgyun mas / rin po che'i phreng ba la sogs pa mdzad pa rmams ni skal bzangs lha 'i lugs so //

[4. Traditions of the knowledge holding sages]

bzhi pa rigs 'dzin drang srong gi lugs ni / [b]rgya byin gyi slob ma drang srong brgyad yod de / rgyun shes / mi gzhin 'jug / mu khyud 'dzin / 'gro ba skyong / shel 'gro skyes / rkang gnyis spyod / thang la 'bar / nam so skyes dang brgyad do //

de yang rgyun shes kyis sman gyi skos la thebs 'deb pa'i bsde le'u brgya dang bco lnga / me bzhin 'jug gis skos bzhi bsgrub lugs kyi bsde le'u lnga bcu / mu 'khyud 'dzin gyis sman gyi bsde mtshan bstan pa'i bsde le'u brgya dang drug bcu / 'gro ba skyong gis mi 'jigs pa tshon cha'i bsde le'u lnga bcu rtsa gsum / shel 'gro skyes kyis bdud rtsi grub pa'i bsde le'u brgyad / rkang gnyis spyod kyis srog gi sgrom bu'i bsde le'u lnga bcu rtsa bzhi / thang la 'bar gyis bso byed sman sbyor bsde le'u brgya dang gsum / nam bso skyes kyis sbyong byed las lnga'i bsde le'u bco lnga / de ltar tsa ra ka bsde [6r] brgyad po la spyir sdoms le'u lnga brgya dang nyi shu rtsa bzhi / bam po bdun bcu rtsa brgyad / drang srong rgyun shes kyis yan lag brgyad pa chen po mdzad / nam pos skyes kyis brgyad pa la 'jug pa mdzad do //

drang srong dpal ldan phren bas tsa ra ka sde brgyad kyi 'grel pa / stod kyi 'grel pa gser gyis spar khab le'u gsum brgya / smad kyi 'grel pa 'khrul gyi lde mig le'u brgya brgya[d?] bcu mdzad do //

drang srong nyi ma'i snying po dang / zla ba'i snying po dang / zla ba'i 'od zer gsum gyis ja log gi spyad gsum mdzad / gzhan yang bsgrub lugs bdud rtsi 'bum pa / gol gsal sbyor ba'i sgrol ma / phral spyad bdud rtsi gze ma / spyad kyi lung ston pa gu na ha sha / bcud kyis len pa sbyor ba mar gsar / 

spyi spyad sde ba'i stobs / lag len khyad par rin chen sman gyi 'khrungs dpe /man ngag bsdus pa sbyor ba'i phreng ba / sbyor ba'i lag len sbyor ba brgya pa / sman pa thams cad bsrung ba'i mgo sngon bsdus pa / kha thor man ngag brgya spyad thor bu / de la sogs pa rnams ni rigs 'dzin drang srong gyi lugs so //

[5. The traditions of thoughtful saints]

lnga pa blo ldan 'phags pa'i lugs ni / 'phags pa rtag tung ngus [~rtag tu ngus] / sman spyad a wa rdhwa ra na dang / me ru che chung la sogs pa mdzad /

'phags pa klu bsgrub kyis mdo lnga spyad gzhung bcu mdzad / mdo lnga la / reg pa rtsa'i mdo / 'tsho ba zas kyi mdo / sbyor ba sman gyi mdo / gtar bsreg spyad kyi mdo / rma bcos bzo'i mdo dang lnga'o //

spyad gzhung bcu la bdud rtsi snying po / bdud rtsi bum pa / bsdus pa'i sbyor ba / sbyor ba mar gsar / sa lu ljon pa / bdud rtsi ku mu ta / rin po che'i phreng ba 'gram pa snying po ma ra tsa [6v] rin po che'i dbyig shel nag su 'jug pa rnams so //

gzhan yang gangs thigs sgron ma / yan lag bzhi pa'i mdo / khams bzhi snyoms pa'i mdo / bdud du sprul nas yan lag nag po'i rgyud gsum / si ti yar la la sogs pa rnams ni blo ldan 'phags pa'i lugs so //

[Section Six: On the schools of wise practitioners of 12 great countries of Jambu Island]

[fol. 6v.2] drug pa 'dzam gling mkhas pa'i lugs ni / 'dzam bu bling [~'dzam bu gling] gi yul gru chen po bcu gnyis nas / sangs rgyas kyi thugs rjes bso ba rig pa mang du byung ste / 

[Medical authors of India and Kashmir]

de yang slob dpon dpa' bos yan lag brgyad pa bsdus pa / sdus pa chen po / yan lag brgyad pa las 'jug pa / yan lag brgyad pa'i snying po sdus pa dang bzhi mdzad / 

zla ba la mngon par dga' bas / 'grel pa zla ba'i 'od zer / gzhung chung mdor bsdus / rgyud chung bdud rtsi snying po la sogs pa mdzad do //

kha che dkar pos yan lag brgyad pa'i yig sna / zla thig lag len nyi thigs / zla thigs la sogs pa mang du mdzad do // 

kha che brtan pa'i blo gros kyis / dri med gzi brjid la sogs pa rnams ni kha che'i lugs so //

[Medical authors of Urgyan]

dzi na mi tras / bso ba'i stong 'thun [~stong thun] dgu bcu rtsa cig / sde skor ma bu gab byang / yig sna la sogs pa mang du mdzad do //

skyes bu me lhas thur ma'i man ngag gzhi lam 'bras 'bu [~'bras bu] gsum du phye ba / nad tsha grangs gnyis shan 'byed pa zung bzhi ya brgyad du phye ba / tshad pa dmigs kyis sel ba'i skor rgyas bsdus 'bring gsum du phye ba / gdams pa 'dra men mang po bsnyan rgyud kyi bskar du mdzad dang dang / yang dag tshig gi gze btus la sogs pa rnams ni dbur brgyan [~u rgyan] gyi lugs so //

[Medical author of Magadha]

pra a nan tas mdzad pa'i tshad pa'i gnas 'gyur bcu gsum la sogs pa ni dbus 'gyur 'chang gi lugs so //

[Medical authors of Nepal Valley]

su ma girtis mdzad pa'i mdzad [7r] pa'i sdus sbyor gsum pa dang / dharmâ shi las mdzad pa'i rin po che sman gyi 'khrungs dpe la sogs pa ni bal po'i lugs so //

[Medical authors of Persia]

ud pa yas mdzad pa'i chos 'byung drug pa dang / ha la shan tir ki mdzad pa'i mgo bo mu stegs kyi bskor brgyad / rtsa 'grel dang / sog po sha stags can gyi rgyud dang / gar log rgyal po'i shig gsos cog rungs la sogs pa rnams ni stag gzig gi lugs so //

[Medical authors of Dolpo]

rdo rje 'bar bas mdzad pa'i mi 'jigs pa'i tshon cha [~mtshon cha] che chung dang / khyol ma se'u rtses mdzad pa'i sman spyad dri med rgyal po la man ngag gi le [~thig le?] nag po bdun gyis brgyan pa la sogs pa rnams ni dol po'i lugs so //

[Uighur medical author]

legs pa'i brgyan gyis mdzad pa'i ga gon gyi gdol thabs sum bcu rtsa lnga la sogs pa rnams ni hor gyi lugs so //

[Tangut medical author]

brtson 'grus snying pos mdzad pa'i sum 'gyur gug pa la sogs pa ni me nyag gi lugs so //

[Khotanese medical author]

rgyal ba rdo rjes mdzad pa'i yan lag bdun pa la sogs pa rnams ni li'i lugs so //

[Byzantine medical author]

tsan pa shi la has mdzad pa'i 'phrom gyi dbye ba drug pa / spyi bcos bdud rtsi bum pa / byang khog stod la rin po che gser gyi sgrom bu / smad la rin po che lcags kyi sgrom bu / log gnon rin po che'i bang mdzod kyi sgrom bu / tshad pa'i 'dres med che chung la sogs pa'i rnams ni 'phrom gyi lugs so //

[Turkish medical author]

seng mdo 'od chen pos 'dra bar byed pa dung gi ming can / nag[s] su 'jug pa g.yu yi dra ba can / gu na shastwa [?] bam po lnga brgya pa / rngog chags rta'i bzang spyad ngan spyad la sogs pa rnams ni gru gu'i lugs so //

[Chinese Hashang medical authors]

hâ shang ma ha ya na dang / li kha zin ta la sogs pa'i ja log sum brgya drug bcu / log non [7v] drug bcu rtsa cig / yang log bzhi bcu rtsa gnyis / bdus pa bcu drug / shin tu sdus pa ja log go tsha [~go cha] 'phrul gyi zin tig / dmigs kyi gzer bzhi gnad kyi sgron ma la sogs pa dang / stong gsum gang ba yis bso ba rig pa lam gyi sgron ma dang / rin po che'i 'khri'i mdzod / tshe'i rig byed kyi rgyud rgyas pa 'od ldan la sogs pa ni rgya nag ha shang gi lugs so //

de ltar yul lugs bcu gnyis po de rnams ni 'dzam gling mkhas pa'i lugs so //

[The school of non-Buddhist Mutegpas]

bdun pa phyi rol mu stegs pa'i lugs ni / mu stegs pa la skra shad 'dzings pa'i rgyud / me ltar 'bar ba'i rgyud / rdo rje khas smra ba'i rgyud / ri bo rtsegs pa'i rgyud / dbang phyug chen po'i sku las byung ba bske rags chen po'i rgyud / gsung me lce 'khor lo'i rgyud / thugs sha [?] mo la skus kyi rgyud / tsa ra ka 'bum sde'i rgyud la sogs pa rnams ni phyi pa mu stegs pa'i lugs so //

[On the general arrangement of medical literature]

gsum pa bso ba rig pa'i sdus tshul ni / bso rig thams cad phyi shes bya gzhung gi bskor / nang gdam[s] pa don gyi bskor / gsang ba lag len dmar 'khrid kyi bskor / yang gsang 'dus pa nyams myong thems kyi bskor dang bzhi ru 'dus so //

de yang yul gyi lus dang nad / bso byed gnyen po sman dang spyad / ji ltar bso ba'i rtag thabs dang lag len / bso ba po sman dang chos bzhi ldan 'dus so //

de yang rgyud 'di nyid las bso bya bso byed ji ltar bso ba bso ba po dang rnams pa bzhi ru bshad ces so //

yang bso bya'i yul bso byed kyi thabs / bso ba po dang rnams pa gsum du 'dus ste / pha gol gyis snying po bsdus pa las / bso bya bso byed bso ba po / bso [8r] ba'i stan cos [~bstan bcos] mdor bstan yin / ces so //

[Translations of medical texts into Tibetan]

bzhi pa gangs can 'khrod du / ji ltar bsgyur ba'i tshul la lnga ste / sman pa gang snga 'gyur sman spyad snying ma'i [~rnying ma'i] bskor dang / phyi 'gyur sman spyad gsar pa'i skor dang / bsgyur ba'i bso rigs dar bar byed pa'i sman pa grangs la gdams pa dang / sman pa gang gi ring la bcos lugs gang dar ba dang / bod kyi sman pas bso rigs mdzad tshul lo //

[Mainly on the early period of translations into Tibetan, but leading with the origins of humans, their food and medicine and finally their kings, Tibetan kings in particular]

dang po bsnga 'gyur bso spyad snying ma'i bskor ni / sngon bskal pa dang po chags pa'i dus su / 'od gsal gyi lha cig 'dzam bu'i gling 'dir lhung ba de la bdud rtsi la sogs pa'i kha zas med par ltogs nas ngus pa'i 'chi ma lag pa la sogs pa sa la reg pa dang / sa'i zhag cig 'dres pas khar myangs pas ro mchog brgyad dang ldan pa cig byung bas / sa'i zhag la longs spyod / de'i tshe lha de 'i ming ni shed bu zhes pa dang / shed las skyes zhes zhes grags so //

der bdud rtsi'i zas med par sa'i zhag zos pas / rang lus kyi 'od yod pa 'gribs / mun pa'i gling du gyur te / chong nges btab pa'i sgras / lha'i bu byang chub sems dpa' nyi mas thos nas / rin po che me shel la gzhal yas khang rgyar dpag tshad snga bcu rtsa cig yod pa cig byas nas / rlung bzhi sgroms su bcug cing rta bdun la skyon nas / nam mkha'i thongs la btang bas shin tu gsal bar gyur te / de dag kun na re nyi ma bdag cag gi ma 'dug zer bas nyi ma byung ngo //

yang mtshan mo mun pa nag par gyur pa la / lha'i bu byang chub sems dpa' zla bas / rgyu rin po che chu shel gyi gzhal yas khang rgyar dpag tshad [8v] lnga bcu yod pa cig byas ste / rlung bzhi bsgroms su bcug nas / nam kha'i thongs la btang bas / mtshan mo gsal bar gyur pas / 'di de'i zla 'or [~bor?] 'dug ces zer bas zla ba byung ngo //

de nas sa'i zhag nub cing / nyu gu'i tshal chags ste / ma smos [~rmos] pa'i lo tog la longs spyod pa na / de'i tshe de dag gi bu tsha rgyud mang du byung ba la ming ni sems can zhes grags so //

de'i tshe ma rmos pa'i lo to[g] la nang za nang len nub / za nub len pa la / sems can le lo can zhig gis dus cig la blangs sog 'jog byas pas / de ltar sems can gzhan rnams kyis kyang dus cig la blang shing hab thob byas ste ma 'cham pas sems can bsam pa bzang ba cig gis thams cad mnyam du dgos shing mu thug btsugs pas khong rang gi skal ba chad do [~char ro?] //

der kho'i bskal pa thams cad la tho tse re bsdus pas / skal pa rgyal zhing rgyal por gyur te / 'dzam gu gling gi rgyal po la snga ba thos pa rgyal po / zhes kyang grags so //

mang pos bskur ba'i rgyal po zhes kyang grags pa de nyid do //

de'i sras rims kyis skal pa bzang po'i rgyal po bsre [~sde?] lnga / 'khor lo bsgyur ba'i rgyal po sde bzhi la sogs pa rgyal po 'bum phrag bcu gnyis / khri phrag lnga / stong phrag gnyis dang dgu bcu rtsa drug grong khyer 'phags rgyal la sogs par rims kyis byung zhing / 'das pa'i rtsar / rgyal po dmag brgya pa la bu brgya yod pa la / chung ltag [~lhag?] gang[s] can gyi 'khrod du 'ongs zhing / yul yar mo sna bzhir byon nas bod kyi rje mdzad pas / blo bur gyi rgyal po [~glo bur gyi rgyal po] la bsnga ba gnya' khri btsan po grags so //

de nas bzung [9r] bas te / gnam gyi khri bdun bar du legs drug / sa'i lde brgyad 'og gi btsan gsum ste (inserted note: 'di ru gnyis ma 'drig pa bar gyi lde nar [?] min la che) nyi shu rtsa bdun sngon gyi rgyal por grags so //

de rjes skyid pa'i gdung rab[s] phyed dang [b]cu / shin tu [s]kyid pa'i gdung rabs phyed dang bzhi / de ltar gdung rabs zhe bcu gsum po de dag gi dus su skyid pa'i gdung rabs phyed dang bcu gnyis pa / byang chub sems dpa' kun tu bzang po'i sprul pa lha tho tho re snyan btsan (insert: shal) gyi ring la / bso ba rig pa 'di dbu bsnyengs ste / rma gsar pa la mar khu btang na tsa kha ba sdems pa dang / khong nar [?] snying pa la sogs pa la za phan gnod go btsam byung ngo //

[Emperor Songtsen the Wise invites foreign physicians. Note that Brang-ti and Nyedowa histories have a closely similar paragraph]

[9r.3] de na gdung rabs bzhi song ba na / byang chub sems dpa' spyan ras gzigs kyi sprul pa srong btsan sgam po'i ring la bso ba rig pa'i srol stod [~gtod] do // 

de yang de'i dus na rgyal po'i sku snyung ba la / de'i dus na bod na sman pa med pa la rje blon rnams bka' 'gros nas thon mi sam bho ṭa dang glang kham pa go cha gnyis la / rje'i phyag rtags gser gyi pa tra 'dzus gang ba bdun dang / gser phye bye re re bskur nas phyogs la sman pa 'dren du btang bas / rgya gar nas dharmâ ra dzâ / rgya nag nas ha shang ma hâ kyi dha dang / khrom nas khrom gyi rgyal po mu rje theng ki [~gi] khrom sras / tsan po shi la hâ dang gsum spyan drangs nas byon pas / ra sa 'phrul snang du bzhugs gnas mdzad nas / chos rgyal gyi sku la bso ba'i sman dang spyad mdzad pa snyung ba gdangs so //

[The Emperor requests the foreign physicians to remain in Tibet, but the Indians and Chinese decline]

de nas rgyal pos gser phye bre las gzhal ba dang / 'chibs bzang po re la za 'og gi gdan dang / seng ldeng gi rga [~sga] dang / gser gyi srab dang / g.yu'i thur la dar gyi thur 'dan [9v] byas pa phyag tu phul bas / bla'i sman par bzhugs par zhu zhus pas rgya bkar [~gar] nag gi sman pa ni bzhugs par ma gnang mod kyi / 'on kyang sman spyad kyi srol stod pa [~gtod pa] ni / dharmâ ra dzâs rlung khris bad kan gsum du phye nas / de'i gnyen por 'bur shag che chung la sogs pa bsgyur ro //

tsan pa sha la has / hâ shang ma ha kyin dhas spyi gtsug nas rkang thil ya chad la dgos bcos kyi bskor snga spyad thor bu ba mang du bsgyur nas rang rang gi gnas su bzhugs so //

[On the Byzantine physician Tsan Pashilaha and his medical legacy in Tibet] 

[9v.3] tsan pa shi la has de po dang ne tso dang rma bya la byung ba'i sku gsum gyi bskor la sogs pa bsgyur cing bla'i sman par bzhugs shing khab kyang bzhes so //

de la sras gsum byung ba'i che shos rtsang du btang bas / las stod gi bi ji'i rgyud pa rnams yin nam yang zer / la la sras gnyis las med par yang 'dod do //

'bring po g.yor phyogs su btang ste / g.yor po ru [?] sa rtsub pas mgo la mkhas dgos gsung nas / na ga ra tsa'i rab bcos / na ran dza'i 'dze'i btus / ma bcos le'u bzhi pa / rtsa ba rin po che 'phrul gyi bzhi bsk[o]r / 'grel pa dmyal ba che chung gnyis / mdo spyad ma bzhi bu dgu lha ba'i legs 'dren che chung gnyis / za hor rgyal po'i log non / rtsa bcos pa'i man ngag bsdus pa / srog gi 'khor lo che chung gnyis / mda' bcos glad [~klad] pa bcos pa dang bcas pa bsgyur ro //

de la lhob phyong dong kha'i sman pa rnams byung ngo //

chung sho[s] dbu rur bzhag ste / dbu ru mi ngan mi spyod rtsub cing 'khrug pa yod pas / yan lag dang byang khog la mkhas dgos zer nas / de po'i sku stod kyi lus la [10r] gsang btsal bas / ne tso'i sku stod smad smad kyi lus la kha mar gdags pa / rma bya'i sku stod smad kyi 'chings dang / chas kyi rang bzhin 'od gsal ba / gnas lugs bzhi mkhas pas rgol ba mtshar gcod pa / bla ma dam pa'i gdams pa / bye brag so so la mkhas pas dris pas nge[s] shes bskyed pa shes rab can gyi gdams pa / man ngag gi dmigs pa la mkhas pas rmongs pa'i 'khrul bzhi sel ba / lag len dmar 'khrid kyi gdams pa / de ltar sku gsum dang gdams pa gsum ste drug la / khrom gyi phye ba drug pa zhes bya ste / de la sogs pa yan lag dang byang khog gi dmigs kyi rtsa dang tshigs dang / rus dang nya dang rgyus pa sben (?) dang chu ser gyi nad bcos thabs mang po dang / byang khog dang (?) stod la rin po che gser gyi sgrom bu / smad la rin po che'i lcags kyi sgroms bu / log non rin po che'i bang mdzod kyi sgrom bu / ro bkra chings 'khrems 'khrul gyi me long la 'grel pa brgyad / gnad kyi yi ge gsum / mi 'gyur ba'i rtags gnyis / ma snga bu snga'i gdams pa dang bcas pa byin nas / des lhag par bzhugs pa'i rgyud pa la sog po sman pa zhes grags so //

ding sang ni gdung rgyud 'chad nas med / sman rgyud 'dzin pa ni gnya' dang mtha' bzhi la sogs pa yin no //

[Emperor Trisongdetsen gives his foreign physicians a pulse-taking test] 

[10r.6] de na de ltar du bso ba rig pa'i srol stod [~gtod] de / de nas gdung rabs bzhi song ba na / byang chub sems dpa' 'jam dbyangs kyi sprul pa khri srong lde brtsan gyi sku ring la bso ba rig pa 'di dar zhing rgyas par mdza[d] ste / de'i tshe na rje'i mnga' thang phun sum tshogs kyang [m]tho / rje blon 'bangs dang bcas [10v] pa la sngon gyi las la gyur pa srog cod pa'i nad dang phral gyi rkyen ma gyur pa'i zug rngu'i nad mang po byung ba la / de dus na bod la yongs su grags pa'i sman pa cher [?] na med pas / nad sel ba'i thabs ma shes pa la chos rgyal gyi zhal nas nga'i bod 'bangs rnams la dam pa'i chos dar kyang / 'chi bdag las kyang mi thar / 'du ba khrugs pa'i nad kyang mi sol bar 'dug pas / de rnams la phan pa'i thabs bka' 'gros gyis cig gsung pas / rje blon kun 'thun par bso ba rig pa phul du phyin pa'i sman pa spyan 'dren pa la zhal 'cham ste / zhang gi bu ye shes sde la sogs pa bang chen pa mi dgu la gser phye bre bdun bdun dang rje'i phyags stags gser gyi ma rdal la rin po che be durya'i phra bkod pa re bskur nas phyogs rnams la sman pa spyan 'dren du btang bas / rgya gar gyi sman pa shan ting gar bha / kha che'i sman pa gu ya badzra / rgya nag gi sman pa stong gsum gang ba bha la ha shang sa ha ti sa hâ gsum / stag gzig gi sman pa sog po hâ la dhir / gru gu'i sman pa seng ldeng 'od chen po / dol po'i sman pa khyal ma se'u rtse / bal po'i sman pa dharmâ shi la rnams spyan drangs nas byon pa la / chos rgyal gyis sman pa chen po de dag gi tshod blang ba'i phyir du pho brang phan thang ka med du / rin po che'i 'khri'i steng du dar zab kyi gdan la bzhugs ste / snyung rdzun mdzad pho brang gi sgo bcad ste / zhal ma 'jal bar za 'og gi thi gu sgril ma cig / ne szo [~ne tso??] la btags te g.yag shing gi bu ga nas sman pa de dag gi phyag tu gzigs su 'phul bas / [11r] 

khong rnams na re bdag cag rnams la sma dbab tu mthong ngam / yang na rgyal po grongs su mthong ngam / 'di ni kha 'dar la ting spun pa 'dab chags bya'i rtsa 'dra'o / zhes zer /

yang byi la zhig la btags nas btang bas / 'di ni phyi dal la nang 'khyug pa sder 'chags [~sder chags] byi la'i rtsa brda'o zhes zer /

yang dbyig zhig la btags nas btang bas / 'di ni kha bying la gtings sra ba gur ma brdo'i rtsa'o zhes zer /

der rjes rje nyid kyi phyag gis bzung nas bstan bas 'di ni mnga' bdag nyid kyi phyag rtsar 'dug ste / da lta sku la snyung mi mnga' yang / brten 'brel log pas sku tshe thar mi skyol bar brda'o / zhes zer bas /

mnga' bdag thugs yid ches shing shin tu dges ste / sman pa chen po rnams pho brang du dar lam la spyan drangs nas / za 'og gi dgu rtseg gdan du bting ba la bzhugs so / 

gur chang dang 'bras 'chang gser dngul gyis skyogs bkang nas drangs / 'chibs bzang po re la za 'og gi gdan bstad / seng ldeng gi rga sgron / g.yu'i thur bcug / gser gyi srab brgyus / dar gyi thur 'dab byas ste gser srang rgya brgya dang bcas pa sman pa rnams la phul nas / 

rjes bka' rtsal pa / mtsho byed sku sprul thugs rje'i sman pa rnams / 'gro ba'i don la mnga'i rus [~]dus bod du byon / bdag cag rjes 'bangs [~rje 'bangs] rnams la thugs la btags / 'gro ba yongs la phan pa'i bso rig spyad / sngon 'chad ma byung de phyir khyed la zhu / khyed kyi bso spyad gdam pa khyad par can / rje'i sku bso 'bangs kyi srid 'dzin pa [11v] blo btad [~btang] thub cing zug rngu'i nad sel ba / sman spyad gdams pa bdag la gnang par zhu / zhes zhus pas / 

sman pa rnams kyis lan gsol ba mi rje lhas mdzad sprul pa dpa' bo (?) mtshan can / chos rgyal bod la sku drin shin tu che / dam chos brten du dpal gyi bsam yas bzhengs / phyi ma'i don du dam pa'i lha chos bsgyur / kun rdzob bden pas phral gyi zug sel cing / phugs kyi tshe srings yun du bde byed pa'i / nad kyi gnyen po sman spyad la sogs pa / nged la gang yod khyed la 'bul bar zhu / bka' drin can gyi mnga' bdag khyed 'dra dkon / bod 'bangs yongs kyi dpal du shar ba yin / nyid kyi bka' rtsal ji ltar byon pa ltar / bdag cag rnams kyis legs par bsgrub 'tshal lo //

zhes zhus nas sman pa de dag gis bka' bgros ste / 'ching bur zla ba cig tu ku 'tshams mdzad nas / dkon mchog chod cing gsol ba btab / dbu brgyan gyi slob dpon padma 'byung gnas dang / za 'or [~za hor] gyi mkhan po bho ti sa tos spang po mdzad de / lo tstsha ba zhang gi bu ye shes sde dang / ka cog gnyis dang / glang dpal gyi seng ge la sogs pa mdzad nas / dam pa'i chos dang 'thun par bso ba rig pa rnams bsgyur te / rgya gar gyi shan ting gar bha shakyâ thub pa nyid kyis gsungs pa'i / seng bsgrom dmar po / sangs rgyas sman blas gsungs pa'i sho lo ka bsde bzhi [an insert identifies this as meaning the Four Medical Tantras: rgyud bzhi 'o / rtsa ba'i / bshad pa'i / man ngag gi / phyi ma'i rgyud do] / bdud rtsi lhung bzed che chung gnyis bdud rtsi dum snying / spyan ras gzigs kyis gsungs pa'i spungs pa sde lnga / drang srong gis mdzad pa'i tsa ra ka'i 'grel pa / slob dpon klu sgrub kyis mdzad pa'i mdo lnga lnga la sogs pa rnams bsgyur / 

[Translations by China’s physicians Stong-gsum-gar-bha, Bha-la Ha-shang, and Ha-ti-pâ-ha (Hastipâla?)]

rgya nag gi stong gsum gar bha dang / [12r] bâ la ha shang [~bha la ha shang?] / dang ha ti pâ ha rnams kyis / 'jam dpal gyis gsungs pa'i sbyor ba'i 'grel pa dang / byang khog dom 'khrems dang / 'khrul gyi rgya long dang / yan lag phyag gi rta las byung ba'i rin po che'i mdzod lnga dang / bya log nor bu dri med dang / me chu go log dang / thor bu nad kyi dgos bcos dang / chung spyad khyung spyad dang / me btsa'i lag len sgron me dang / dug spyad me lce 'khor lo la sogs pa rnams bsgyur 

[Translations by the Kashmiri Guhyavajra]

[12r.3] kha che gu ya badzra gyis sman gyi spyad mdo dgu pa / spyad phreng sel bar byed pa mun pa'i sgron me dang / man ngag gnad kyi phra thig dang / drang srong zla dga'i gzhung chung mdor bsdus rnams bsgyur ro //

[Translations by the physician Ha-la-shan-dhi of Persia]

stag gzig gis ha la shan dhir gyis mgo bo mu stegs kyi bskor brgyad / rtsa 'grel dang / rtsa bcos pa'i man ngag ljon shing che chung gnyis dang / 'dus pa bcos thabs rin po che srog gi 'khor lo dang / sog po sha stag can gyi rgyud dang / dug bse ba gar log rgyal po'i shi sos bcog rdungs rnams bsgyur ro //

[Translations by the physician of Dolpo named Khyol-mo-se'u-rtse]

dol po'i sman pa khyol ma se'u rtses / sangs rgyas sman lhas seng ldeng nags kyi sgrol mar byin gyis brlabs nas sman gyi lha mo brgyar rtsa gnyis las gsungs pa'i mi 'jigs pa bgyad kyi [m]tshon cha / gab pa gsal 'byed / nad ngos 'dzin pa'i le'u lnga pa la / brten nas 'tsho 'chi rtags kyi le'u reg pa rtsa'i la rnge rtag pa / btag pa'i spyad rnams bsgyur ro //

[Translations by the Turkish physician Seng-mdo-’od-chen-po]

gru gu seng mdo 'od chen pos / phyag na rdo rjes gsungs pa'i nag po'i rgyud gsum / de'i mdo byang che chung gnyis / 'dra bar byed pa dung gi ming can / nags su 'jug pa g.yu'i dra ba can / gu na sha tras bam po lnga brgya pa la sogs pa dang / sngog 'chags [~rngog chags] rta'i bzang [12v] spyad ngan spyad la sogs pa bsgyur ro // 

bzang spyad la khams lngar phyed ste / mdo ba rlung gi khams / jag to me'i khams / ro rgyu chu'i kham [~khams] / mog rtse sa'i khams / gyi ling nam kha'i [~nam mkha'i] khams / de la gnyis gnyis su phye[d] na mdo ha la che chung gnyis / jag to la dkar nag gnyis / ro rgyu la nyin sribs gnyis / mog rtsa la gyen 'thur gnyis / gyi ling la rnam pa gnyis te bcu'o //*

[*My note: jag-to is recorded as a variant spelling of bya-mdo, name of a type of horse, and gyi-ling is likewise, so I suppose the others must be horse categories, too.]

ngan spyad rta'i nad la / lhed pa rgod g.yung gnyis / lcam la ma bu gnyis / bye ba la gsar rnying gnyis / gyen bu nyur bu [~thur bu?] gnyis te brgyad / gam pa la phyi gam pa brgyad / nang gam pa brgyad / 'khrugs rngon mo [~dron mo?] dang / bcun 'theng drug bcu rtsa gcig tu phye[d] na rnams bsgur //

[Translations by the Newar physician Dharmaśīla]

bal po'i sman pa dharma shi las / 'phags pa 'jam dpal gyis lha dang lha ma yin rnams las lan gsungs pa / 'gram pa ti dang / sbyor ba brgyad pa dang / rin po che sman gyi 'khrungs dpe dang / 'thur ma'i spyad dang / lhog pa'i bso thabs rnams bsgyur //

de ltar sgyur ba de rnams kyang / lo tstsha ba rnams kyi sho lo ka dang le'u dang bam por legs par sdebs ste / dag par byas nas yi ger btab ste / sman pa chen po rnams kyis rje'i phyag tu 'phul te gsol ba /

kye mi rje lha mdzad 'gro ba'i mgon po khyod //

bod kyi [']khor 'bangs 'du ba snyoms pa'i phyir //

thugs rjes dgongs te phyogs kyi sman pa bsdus //

gus pa'i gsung gis bka' rtsal byon pa'i don //

bdag cag rnams kyis dgong sa pa sdur nas kyang //

rgyal ba'i bka' dang mi 'gal gdam ngag rnams //

gser zhun lta bur yi ger bkod pa rnams //

'gro ba'i don la dgongs nas phyag bzhes mdzod //

ces gsol ste [13r]

xxx xxx rjes su sman pa'i rgyal po stong gsum gang bas / drang srong dngos kyi bka' rin po che 'khri'i mdzod / tshe'i rig byed kyi rgyud rgyas pa 'od ldan zhes bya ba bsgyur te rje'i phyag tu phul lo //

xxx xxx bdag che thugs dges te / bso rigs 'dzin pa'i sman pa chen po rnams / dbu'i mchod gnas su bskur ba'i phyed du / gril chen po sgrags ste / bod 'bangs rnams la bka' rtsal nas sman pa la rtsigs su gnang ba ni / kye bod kyi rje blon 'bangs 'khor bdag la gnyon / bso rig rgyud 'dzin drang srong sman pa la / 'byung bzhis sdus pa'i lus srog rag lus pa / bod kyi rje 'bangs g.yongs kyis bskur bar gyis / chab 'og 'bangs kyi lha ni rgyal po yin / nga yis bskur bas mtshan yang lha rjer thogs / 'gro ba'i mgon yin gral gyi gung la bzhugs / 'bol brum stag gzigs za 'og bseg ma thing / zhal skyems ja chang zug rngu [zug rgyun?] du grongs / dar zab ber skon rtsa'i kha mngar zhus / skyel bu rta gyis sman pa'i zhabs la 'phul / ci gsung dang du long la ngag ma bcag / rgyal srid phul yang mi 'phangs srog rin yin / bcos nor lag dras shi yang stong ma len / sman du thal ba tang yang sman rin gser du sjol (?) / chag tshad ma 'dzin phram phyugs [~phral phugs] thams cad bzobs / sngar drin ma rjed yun du phyi thag springs / bdag gis phul ba'i bla brtsigs bcu gsum 'di / gang gis 'gal yang chad pa dbab par byed / [an insert is found here that should have been inserted somewhere else on the page, as indicated by the "x" in the left margin: lo tstsha ba be ro tsa nas bdud rtsi snying po yan lag brgyad pa gsang ba man ngag gi rgyud / kha che zla ba la mngon par dga' bas zhus cing rgyur te rje'i phyag tu 'phul lo //] ces gsungs te /

sman pa'i mangs thong stod ste / dge ba'i bshes gnyen dang bral mnyam por byas so // [13v]

de'i dus su mnga' bdag gi spyan sngar bso rig 'dzin pa'i sman pa rnams kyis / lnga gsum bco lnga rtsigs su bzung ste / sman pa khyim tshes nas gdan drangs kyang bsu ba dang zhabs bla / sman pa rang gi nye mtshan yin yang lag dkar dang zhu brten / sman pa dran dang 'bangs 'khor yin yang bkur sti dang gus pa / sman pa dus min du byung zhing phrad kyang bdong gsol dang bsnyen bskur / sman pa mi mthun dgra'i phyogs yin yang / dad gus dang gdung sems byas la blo btong pa dang lnga 'o //

yang sman pas nor la 'dod sred can byas kyang 'dod can mi zer ba / sman pas nyin gang la lan 'ga' zos kyang blto bo che mi zer ba / sman pas spyod la tho co dang bag yengs byas kyang ko long mi byed pa / sman pa'i cha spyad la sogs pa bo btor [~gtong?] byung na skyin po dang 'tshab 'jug pa / sman pa'i bya ba las ci dgos kyang dus su bsnyig pa dang lnga 'o //

yang sman pas tshur byon la bsdu mi / phar bzhud la skyel mi / nad pa bso ba la zhu 'bul / grag pa la btang rag / steng bskul sgye'u skyos dang ldan / bco lnga rtsigs su bzung ngo //

de'i tshe mnga' bdag chen pos / sman pa la thugs rtse ba'i bsgo nas zhal blta bdun bsungs so //

sman pa bla ma dang pha yin pas / nad pa la byams pa dang snying rje'i blo bskyed cig / nad pa slob ma dang bu yin pas / nad xxx xxx xxx xxx i xxxs ma brjod cig / tshor bar ma (?) bab cing gtam ngan phog pas / nad pa'i khyim na lag ngan ma byed cig / ya rabs kyi tshul gnod cing 'khrel che bas / zas a ma ngan cig / 

[14r] xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xsag nyes 'ong bas chang la ma dga' cig / nad zug bcog pa la khyad yod cing la thal nyes yod pas le lo dang tshor yod ma byed cig / ngo tsha dang 'dzem gis sman xxd gsal du ma phog pas / nad pa dang sman pa'i bar du tshul chos dang ngo tsha ma byed cig / zhes pas bka' rtsal to //

de nas rje 'bangs 'khor bcas rnams kyis sman pa rnams bla' sman par bzhugs par zhus pas bzhugs su ma gnang ste / sjong ba chen po bsams kyis mi khyab pa 'phul nas / rjes su du [~dus?] phyi ma lhan cig 'khrungs pa'i smon lam yang mdzad nas rang rang gi gnas su spyan drangs so //

[What became of their books]

sman spyad kyi phyag dpe' rnams la seng ldeng gi glegs shing bkab ste / pho brang gi yang rtser bzhugs gnas / rje'i bla spyad po ti smug po'i bskor zhes grags so //

de nas bso ba rig gi dpe' phal che ba phyi rabs kyi don du smon lam sdam dang bka' sgros nas bter du sbas so // 

dpe 'ga' zhig rje'i bla sman du bskos pa rnams la byin pas bla dpe bskor zhes grags so //

[Later invitations of foreign physicians during the reign of His Majesty Trisongdetsen]

de nas yang dus phyi ma mnga' bdag 'khri drong lde brtsan [~khri srong lde brtsan] gyi sku snyung dang ba las / blon po chen po rnams bka' sgros nas mtha' bzhi'i sman pa rnams spyan 'dren pa la bang chen mi bzhi la gser phye bre bdun bdun dang rgyal po'i phyag rtags gser gyi pa tra rin po che'i phra bkod pa re bkur nas btang bas / phyogs gzhan gyi sman pa dus su 'byon la / rgya nag nas stong gsum gang ba zhes bya ba spyir rig pa'i gnas lnga la mkhas shing khyad par du bso ba rig pa la mkhas pa [14v] de'i nang nas byang khog dang yan lag la phul du phyin pa / 'phags pa 'jam dpal gyi zhal mngos gsum [~mngon sum] du gzigs pa de spyan drangs te de nyid kyis byon pa'i lam du / bso rig lam gyi sgron me zhes bya ba tshig nyung la don bsdus pa / mkhas pa rnams kyi yid 'phrog pa cig rtsams nas / chos rgyal gyi phyag tu 'phul bas / mnga' bdag gis de la gzig[s] pas thugs dgyes te / mtha' bzhi ka'i sman pa rnams kyis go chod par 'dug ces bka' rtsal pas / ming yang mtha' bzhi stong gsum gang gang ba zhes grags so //

de nas rje'i sku la gsol ba'i sman dang / spyad zas dang spyod lam la sogs pa rnams legs par mdzad pa snyung sos so //

stong gsum gang ba bla'i sman par bzhugs par zhus te / dol dang gzhung bcu [~gnyis?] yul du phul te khab kyang bzhes so //

de'i dus su rigs gsum mgon pos mdzad pa'i mgo bcos pa bde brgyad [~sde brgyad?] / zur skyon bzhi yang yan ma skor lnga / byang khog la ma bu bcu drug la sogs pa dang / gzhan sman spyad dpag tu med pa rnams bsgyur ro //

de ltar bso rig dar zhing rgyas par mdzad do //

[Medicine under Trisongdetsen’s imperial successors]

de nas chos rgyal de'i sras mu khri btsan po / de'i sras sad na legs 'byin yin / de'i sras byang chub sems dpa' / phyag na rdo rje'i sprul pa mnga' bdag ral pa can rnams kyi [s]ku ring la yang / bso ba rig pa 'di dar zhing rgyas par mdzad do // 

de yan rgyal (?) rabs bzhi bcu rtsa gcig song zhing / de yan du byung ba'i bso ba rig pa rnams ni bstan pa snga 'gyur bso spyad snying ma'i [~rnying ma'i] bskor ro //

[Section Two on the new medical treatments of the later translation period, meaning in particular Lochen Rinchenzangpo’s late-10th- to early 11th-century studies in India and subsequent translations done under the patronage of western Tibetan royalty.]

[14v.7] gnyis pa phyi 'gyur bso spyad gsar ma'i bskor ni / mnga' ris su lha bla ma [15r] ye shes 'od dang / byang chub 'od kyi sku ring la / lo tstsha ba rin chen bzang po zhes bya ba sbyangs pa'i stobs kyis rig pa'i rtsal dang ldan pa / smon lam gyi dbang gis dam pa'i chos dang 'jal ba / thugs rje chen pos 'gro ba'i don la dgongs pa / mdun pa'i rtsal gyis sgra skad rnams la mkhas pa de rgya gar du rdzangs te / khong chos tshol ba / de nyid du rgya gar shar nub tu byon pa'i tshe / kha che dza nar dha na zhes bya ba spyir rig pa'i gnas lnga la mkhas shing / khyad par du bso ba rig pa dang / sgra la mkhas pa gcig bzhugs pa dang 'jal nas / kâ la pa la sogs pa'i sgra la mkhas par bslabs so //

paṇḍi ta dza nar dha na spyan drangs nas byon pa'i dus su / lo tstsha bas bla ma khyed chos gang la byang zhes zhus pas / paṇḍi ta'i zhal nas nga ni chos thams cad sgra yis 'char pa yin / khyad par du dpa' bos mdzad pa'i bso spyad yan lag brgyad pa'i snying po bsdus pa zhes bya ba la mkhas zhes gsungs so //

yang lo tstsha bas zhus pas / bso spyad yan lag brgyad pa rtsa 'grel zhes bya ba gcig paṇḍi ta dha rma shi la bâr ma dang / lo tstsha ba dge slong dbyig rin chen / mar lo rig pa'i gzhu nu [~rig pa'i gzhon nu] / dbyig gu dge slong shakya blo gros rnams kyis bsgyur ba gcig sngar yang bzhugs te / phan mi che bas / da lan bla mas [m]khyen pa de zhu dgos nan gyis zhus pas / paṇḍi tas kyang gnang par zhal gyis bzhes nas 'gyur yon la gser srang [b]rgya 'bul bar byas ste / lo tstsha bas lha bla ma byang chub 'od la 'di bod la phan che bas yon [15v] bdag mdzod ces zhus pas / gser srang lnga bcu khong gis 'phul / 

de nas pu hrangs kyi sman pa mi bzhis bsdus te gser srang lnga bcu 'phul lo //

mi bzhi ni myang bdag [?] seng ge sgra / sha khri ye shes 'byung gnas / o sman a me / mang mo sman btsun dang bzhi'o //

lo pan 'di gnyis khyad par du sgra la mkhas pas 'gyur la sgra don gyi nyes pa gang yang med par phul du phyin par stag gi lo la bsgyur zhes grags so //

de la pha gol gyi yan lag brgyad pa'i snying po bsdus pa las / de'i 'grel pa kha che zla ba la mngon par dga' bas mdzad pa'i tshig don zla ba'i 'od zer / mes po tshangs pa'i bso spyad 'bum tig chen mo / skye dgu'i bdag po nyur bas mdzad pa'i bso spyad 'phrul gyi me long la le'u dang bam po 'thun 'tshams su bshad pa dang / yan lag [b]rgyad pa la kha che kar pos [~kha che dkar pos] mdzad pa'i yig sna dang / shog 'khre che chung gnyis dang / lag len shog khyer thub pa nyi thigs zla thigs dang / slob dpon klu bsgrub kyis bdud du sprul nas gsungs pa'i yan lag nag po'i rgyud gsum la sogs pa mang du bsgyur ro //

de'i rjes la rgya gar gyi mkhas pa skyes bu me lha bod du byon nas / gu ge pu hrangs su lo gsum bzhugs / myang lo tstsha ba 'gyur byang byas ste / man ngag sde'u bskor [~man ngag lde'u skor] ma bu ga byang [~kha byang?] yig sna dang bcas pa bsgyur ro //

de la phyi 'dras ki sde'u bskor lo tsa ba'i sde skor brgya sum bcu / nang don gyi sde skor la rgyu dang rtags kyi khyad par gyis nad kyi dngos so // 

phyir 'byung ba'i sde'u bskor bzhi dang / man ngag gzhung dang / yig chung shog 'khra dang / thur ma'i man ngag gzhi lam 'bras gsum phye ba dang/ [insert below the line: nad tsha grangs gnyis shan 'byed par byed pa zung bzhi ya [b]rgyad du phye ba dang /] yang dag tshig gi ze [16r] btus la sogs pa rnams bsgyur ro //

[Excursus on classifications of fevers etc. according to Rinchenzangpo's Master Darchungwa.]

de nas las stod 'dar yul du byon nas / mkhan po 'dar chung ba la tshad pa dmigs kyis sel ba'i bskor gsungs / de yang rgyas par bshad pa la bcu ste / ma smin pa dbye ba dang / rgya pa gsar pa dang / stongs pa gnan pa dang / byer ba sdud pa / gab pa dbye ba / kha yan dgugs pa / zhen pa 'gogs pa / gstor ba rtsal ba / chad pa 'thud pa / ri thang tshams shan phye ba'o // 

bsdus ste bstan pa lnga ni / ma smin tsha ba la chu ltar rnyogs pa (?) chu'i dal snyigs gang gis dbye ba / rgyas pa'i tsha ba me ltar 'bar ba la / me chu yis ji ltar gsad pa [~gsar pa?] / stongs pa'i tsha ba mda' ltar bzer ba la / mda'i mde'u gang gis mdon pa / gab pa'i tsha ba mun ltar thibs pa la / mun pa'i mthongs sgo gang gis phye ba / snyings pa'i tsha ba rtsi ltar zhen pa la / rtsi'i zhen pa gang gis dbral ba'o //

shin tu sdus pa la gsum ste / 'khrugs 'khrugs rims bzer dang gsum mo //

'khrugs la rgyas 'khrugs / stong 'khrugs / 'jams 'khrugs / gab 'khrugs / dug thabs dang lnga'o //

rims la 'dar bu dang / dbyer bu gnyis / le'u rgan dang / klad gzer gnyis / rmongs pa dang lkugs pa gnyis ste drug go //

gzer la 'byung ba rlung gi gzer / 'du ba khrag gi gzer / ngo bo gnyan gyi gzer dang gsum mo //

[The biography of the Great Translator Rinchenzangpo resumes]

de nas dbus su byon te / g.ya' gyong sman dbang rdo rje / tshe mi dar ma klu rgyal / stongs sman stag chung / sog po'i sman pa la sogs pa rnams la man ngag 'dra men mang po zhal shes su gsungs pa rnams la / a tsa ra'i bsnyan rgyud kyi bskor du grags so //

de'i rjes su zhang ri bong gzi brjid 'bar gyis rgya gar du [16v] 

lan gnyis byon / drang srong tsan dha shi la la / gser gyi maṇḍal phul nas zhus pas / gzhung bso spyad yan lag brgyad pa / phyi bskor du ma drug tu rgyas par 'grel pas bshad pas / rtsod pa'i mtha['] dang bral ba / nang skor du bu drug tu bsdus nas gzhung man ngag tu dril te bshad pas gnyen po nang thog tu phebs pa gsang ba nyams myong skad du bshad pas / dpe' rgyud tshig tu 'dril ba la / sde'u skor du [b]stan pa'i bskor dang / drang srong sman rgyud kyi stong thun la sogs pa mang du bsgyur zhing dar bar mdzad do //

gzhan yang a tsa ra dmar po'i zhabs kyis bod du byon nas / 'dze nad bso ba gdon skor lnga pa la sogs pa mang du bsgyur ro //

bsam yas su lha btsun sngon mo'i dus su / 'ber nag brag khar bas / rgya nag gi tshad pa'i bcos thabs me chu go zlog la sogs pa mang du bsgyur ro //

yar lung du lo tstsha ba grags pa rgyal mtshan gyis yan lag brgyad pa'i 'gyur mdzad pa la sogs pa rnams ni / phyi 'gyur bso spyad gsar ma'i bskor ro //

[Section Three with a list of 71 notable physicians. The actual subtitle at folio 16v.5 could translate as “An enumeration of the physicians who spread the medical teachings that had been translated.” The names are divided into a number of categories. Compare Desi’s book, pp. 270-271 for a very similar passage although the total number differs. This list can also be found in earlier medical histories]

[16v.5] gsum pa bsgyur ba'i bso rig dar bar byed pa'i sman pa grangs gdab pa ni / bod yul du yongs su grags pa'i sman pa chen po bdun bcu rtsa cig ste / de las paṇḍi ta ltar mkhas pa'i sman pa cig / nam mkha' ltar khyab pa'i sman pa cig / nyi zla ltar grags pa'i sman pa gnyis / mnga' bdag gi[s] bla sman du [b]skos pa'i sman pa dgu / sprul sku 'gro don mdzad pa'i sman pa bcu / sbyangs stobs kyis che ba'i sman pa drug / kun la yongs grags rgyal po lta bu'i sman pa [b]cu / sngon gyi smon lam las 'phro sad pa'i [17r] sman pa dgu / spyad mgo so sor 'thon pa'i sman pa bcu / grags blo gur [~glo bur] du 'thon pa'i sman pa drug / grags pa hor gyis [~hur gyis?] thon pa'i sman pa lnga / spyad la nang 'byan chud pa'i sman pa gnyis so //

de dag rnams 'di blta ste / paṇ chen ltar mkhas pa lo chen rin bzang yin / nam mkha' ltar khyab pa skyes bu me lha ste / nyi zla ltar grags pa myang sman stong sman gnyis / 

mnga' bdag gi sman pa chen po dgu po ni / stod na bi ji cher rje 'ug pa gsum / bar na g.yu thog brang ti me nyag gsum / smad na snya [~gnya'] dang mtha' bzhi su pa [~stong dang] gsum / 

sprul skus 'gro don mdzad pa bcu po ni / spyad lung 'bur khri bi [~'i] grub chen dbur brgyan pa [~u rgyan pa] / byang na stod bu'i mda' ston dge 'dun dang / mgos kyi khu lung go chen sman btsun dang / rong gi yung phu'i rong ston chos bzang dang / stag lung khra 'gu'i khra tshang 'brug lta [~khro tshang 'brug lha] dang / dbus ru stod kyi sum sman jo bsod dang / g.yor po gra mda'i gra pa mngon shes dang / g.yo sman yar mda'i zhang ston gzi brjid 'bar / dmyal gyi smad na dge [b]shes su ston [~spur ston?] dang / khams kyi be ro 'od chen sprul sku bcu'o //

sbyangs stobs yon tan 'che ba drug po ni / mang khang tsha lung 'tsho byed dkon skyabs [~dkon mchog skyabs] dang / myang stod gyim gyi phyogs nas lha rdor dang / g.yas ru ru mtshoms rdza ston jo gzungs dang / kha rag shar phyogs rtsa sman rdo rje dang / myang stod sbo yul sbo sman bya dpe dang / 'jad kyi stod 'khrod stong sman se grags [~seng ge grags] drug go //

yongs grags rgyal po blta bu bcu po ni / khu le ro thang g.yu thog mgon po dang / g.yor [17v] 

stod mar ma'i mtha' [b]zhi shag dar dang / rgya gar [~rgyang mkhar] sa phug me nyag sa skyong dang / 'jang stod rtsibs mda'i ljangs sman le se [~leb se] dang / myang stod stag mkhar dge gshes [~dge bshes] rog chung dang / g.yas ru shangs kyi sba sman lha rje dang / lang khro pa gor rje sman zha lung [~zha lu?] dang / myang stod dkar mtsho'i lce sman jo rdor dang / gung thang sman lung cher rje 'khri 'od [~lha rje khri 'od] dang / kyi shod [~skyid shod] lha rtsa'i lha rje dge 'bum dang bcu'o //

smon lam las 'phro sad pa dgu po ni / la stod mang yul jo ma sna mo [~jo mo snang mo] dang / la stod byang gi phyogs na ldog nyi ldan / glong thang sgron ma'i bhe nan me khar [~bhe nag me 'bar] dang / ngam shod bsam yas lhun grub blo gros zhang [?!] dang / mon yul bum thang mtsho byed gyi na dang / lho grag [~lho brag?] dpal 'gra'i [~spa gro'i] sku la mgo btums [~lkugs tshal mgo lums] dang / kho lding [kho mthing] lha khang ra shags gter ston dang / g.yon du phra 'brug mgo sman [khra 'brug mgon sman] rgyal ba dang / gras nye mdo'i kun dga' don grub [~gra'i snye mdo ba Kun dga' don grub] dang dgu'o //

spyad mgo so sor thon pa bcu po ni / pu hrang bze sman nag po dang / la stod 'od zer phan dar dang / rgya gar stag sman gyong po dang / myang stod lce sman shel shag dang / phan yul rdza sman rdzong dol dang / 'brom stod 'gyogs sman bkra shis dang / 'bur stod phyug 'tshams dar bsod dang / gnyal sman dpal gyi seng ge dang / yar lungs mgo sman se ge [~seng ge] dang / zhe ra [~zhang ro] chos kyi rgyal mtshan dang bcu'o //

grags pa bla bur [~glo bur] du thon pa drug po ni / myang re mdo gsum [~nyang ro stong gsum] grags pa rdo rje dang / [insert below the line: stod lungs nyan gyi bkra shis rdo rje dang /] yar stod dge yo'i 'tshig sman rdo rje dang / sman gab gyam gyi gyam sman rtse seng dang / g.yor po gnyal gyi gnyal sman [18r] bkra shis dang / yar lungs smad kyi dge bshes yar pa [~mar pa?] drug go //

grags pa hor gyi bston pa lnga po ni / g.yas ru shangs nas shangs pa dkar nag gnyis / snye mo shag rab sba sman nyi ma dpal / yar lungs lha rje sgo thang dpag shi dang / gye re sde 'bras le ston [~gye ro rdo 'bras lo ston] yon tan dang lnga'o //

spyad la nang byan thub pa rnams [~rnam] gnyis ni / byang khog spyad la nang byan chud pa'i phyir / log kyang nad pa mtsho ba [~'tsho ba' rtson seng [brtson seng, brtson 'grus seng ge] yin / thur ma'i spyad la nang byan chud pa'i phyir / thur spyad logs kyang nad pa mi 'chi ba / phyogs med khyams sba ras pa lha rje [~sba rad lha rje] yin / de rnams bod du mkhas par grags pa bdun bcu rtsa cig go //

[Section Four on the 57 schools that formed in Tibet. Here the foreign physicians are mentioned once more at the head of a very long list of medical traditions spearheaded by Tibetan physicians. For parallel, see Desi’s book, pp. 268-269.]

[18r.4] bzhi pa sman pa gang gi dus su bcos lugs gang dbab ni / dar lugs lnga bcu rtsa bdun ste / shan ti gar pas 'dze bug sman gyi gso ba dar / ha shaµ ma ha ya nas me dang 'khyug spyad dar / btsan pa shi la ha yis thor spyad zas spyod dar / gru gu se mdo 'od chen pos rta'i sman spyad dar / dol po khyol ma se'u rtses yan lag phyag bcos dar / bal po dharma shi las dug gi dgos bcos dar / lo chen rin chen bzang pos brgyad pa'i bshad sprol [~srol] dar / dbu brgyan [~u rgyan] skyes bu me lhas lag len rgyas bshad dar / pu hrangs myangs sman lo tstsha bas thur ma'i mtshan nyid dar / stong sman stag chung ring la tshad pa'i dgos bcos dar / bi ji yor po'i ring la ja log bcos tshul dar / 'ug pa chos seng ring la yan lag sgyegs bcos dar / cher rje na gu'i ring la mo nad dgos bcos dar / g.yu thog mgon po'i ring la nyams [18v] yig zin bris dar / brang ti sras khung ring la byang khog gsang 'byed dar / me nyag zla grags ring la stong thun rgyas bshad dar / snya nag dkon mchog ring la rtsa tshigs dgos bcos dar / mtha' bzhi shag dar ring la med nag cer thong [~gcer mthong?] dar / sum sman rin grags ring la rde'u'i lhum bcos dar / 'dar ston dge 'dun ring la tsha grang gnad 'gel dar / grub chen dbu rgyan [~u rgyan] ring la dngul chu'i nad 'don dar / rong ston chos bzang ring la lag len sgang 'dril dar / rong ston sher dbang ring la sngo sbyor chen mo dar / dge bshes rog chung ring la dug bcos che chung dar / sba sman btsan dbang ring la yan lag rus bcos dar / li sman srid 'dzin ring la mgo la gras bcos dar / sgom chen sman btsun ring la nye ba'i rtag pa dar / khra tshang 'brug zla'i [~khro tshang 'brug lha'i] ring la brten 'brel gnad gdon [~'don?] dar / gras pa mngon shes [~grwa pa mngon shes] ring la snga rtags cer mthong dar / zhang ston gzi brjid 'bar gyis gtso bor bshad pa dar / dge bshes pur ston ring la lag len dpa' khyer dar / pu hrangs gze sman ring la mgo bo'i lhum bcos dar / sum sman jo gser ring la rgya nag 'khyug spyad dar / lce sman jo rdor ring la yan lag dgos bcos dar / sba sman jo thos ring la tsha ba'i snang dril dar / drang srong dges sman rin ring la brgyad pa'i lag len dar / 'brom sman bkra shis ring la mgo dang mig spyad dar / phyug mtshams dar bsod ring la byang khog 'phrul bcos dar / sku la mgo btums ring la man ngag me thur dar / zhang ston zho ra'i ring la dug gi dgos bcos dar / [19r gap filled here] mdog sman srab gnyan ring la gags lhog dgos bcos dar / bhe nag me 'bar ring la me chu go zlog dar / zhang grub blo gros ring la man ngag thur ma dar / khyung po gyi na'i ring la dug bcos chen mo dar / ra shag gter ston ring la thor bu'i dgos bcos dar / sba sman chen po'i ring la snag [~rnag?] gi 'dren skyems dar / rje sman zha lu'i ring la byang khog 'ching khrems dar / stong sman seng grag ring la sde bskor bshad sbres dar / 'tshig sman sgo nga'i ring la mngag [~man ngag] glen tshig dar / snums sman [~gnubs sman] jo bsod ring la dug gi spyi gcos dar / kha rag rtsang sman ring la bstan bcos rgyas bshad dar / cher rje khri 'od [~che rje khro 'od] ring la brgyad pa'i 'gal 'grel dar / lha rje 'bum ring la rma bcos zung dag dar / de star [~de ltar] dar lugs (?) lnga bcu rtsa bdun no //

[An aside on medical procedures found in treasure caches. On similar subject compare Desi’s book, pp. 175-192.]

 

[19r.4] gzhan yang man ngag gter ba'i bskor ni / rong sum pa rgya zhang phrom [~rgya zhang khrom] dang / myangs stod rtsabs 'da'i lce ston khu 'khri dang / mdo steng tsha'o chung kyi zhang ston lha 'bar dang / snye nam yar 'da'i [~yar mda'i] ske ston chos dang / lho brag khab lding gi ra shag gter ston dang / lnga po 'di'i ring la bso rig mang du dar zhing khyad par gter ma'i bskor mang du dar ba lags so //

de rnams bcos lugs kyi dar tshul lo //

[Section Five on how Tibetan physicians composed medical texts. Note: We might think the physicians named here would provide clues to the dating of this history book, but the trouble with this is that the whole section is evidently copied from earlier histories. Notice how fol. 19v.2 clearly names the medical history (khog-'bubs) text by Yuthogpa, but gives the author’s name as G.yu-thog Zla-ba-mgon-po rather than Yon-tan-mgon-po, which is odd but could to be dismissed as a scribe’s mistake.]

[19r.5] lnga pa bod kyi sman pas gso rig mdzad tshul ni / yid 'ong legs pa'i brgyan gyis bdud rtsi le'u brgyad pa zhes bya ba mdzad do //

g.ya' gyong sman chen pos dri med gzi brjid mdzad / zhang ri bong gzi brjid 'bar gyis thog mar gzhung dri med gzi brjid le'u bzhi pa / de'i 'grel pa zla ba'i 'od zer / sam 'grel dpa' don gangs kyi phrang ba dang gsum mdzad do // de'i rjes la gzhung [19v] dri med sgron gsal / gdams pa sum bcu pa la / stod 'grel rin po che'i spar khab / smad 'grel rgyal ba'i bang mdzod rnams mdzad do //

gnyan dkon mchog brten gyis gnya'i be' bum smug po [~be'u bum smug po] bya ba mdzad / 

mtha' bzhi mkhas pas byang khog thig gis bka' khrems la sogs pa mang du mdzad / 

g.yu thog zla ba mgon pos / rgyud las gces pa'i chos lugs su don gyi spyi khog 'bubs pa khog 'bubs khyung chen lding ba / bshad rgyud go ba len pa la / stong 'thun mdzes pa'i 'ja' ris / gzhung gi sa tshams 'byed pa la sa spyad stag mo'i rngam thabs / rgyud kyi bka' phrang 'grel ba la ṭi ka mun sel sgron me / bshad rgyud gsal bar ston pa la / 'grel pa 'bum chung gsal sgron / phyir rgol rtsod pa zlog pa la / gag sel rtsod zlog 'khor lo / gsar 'jug slob bus go sla ba'i phyir / skor 'tshams stong thun bcu gcig / gab yig gsal bar byed pa la / gab yig ming don brda sprod / gdams pa lag tu len pa la / lag len rin chen gter spungs / 'thor bu'i nad la tshegs med pa kha 'thor rin chen phung po / mi shes mun pa gsal ba'i phyir / lag len dmar 'khrid yig chung / snyan rgyud man ngag gces pa'i 'chong / med thabs med pa rnam gsum zhal gyi gdas pa kha skong phyir / yang gsang gab pa bco brgyad gces nas gud du sbas pa'i phyir / khyad par zab pa rnam gsum / gzhan yang mkhas khyad 'byed pa'i phyir / mkhas khyad ngo mtshar gzhi sprugs / gso spyad mdo tsam shes 'dod la / rgyud chung bdud rtsi snying po [20r] xxx xxx chung nyung bsdus 'dod pa ma [~la] / gso spyad mu tig phreng ba / mdzes pa'i rgyan gyis gdams pa'i phyir / phan bya sngags bum dkar po / de ltar cha lag bcwo brgyad mdzad do //

gzhan yang tshad pa xxx xxx pa sgron me bcu bskor / las lnga spyad lnga sde tshan lnga / rtsa spyad rig pa rang gsal / chu spyad thong ba me long ste le'u bcu bdun / xx lag len pod chung zhes grags pa dang / nad srungs rdo rje go cha la sogs pa srung ba'i bskor / kha 'thor gyi dgos bcos la nyams kyi yig chung mang du mdzad do //

paṇ chen 'u yug pas sras don gsal ba'i sgron ma rtsa 'grel dang bcas pa mdzad do //

sum pa ye shes gzungs kyis rdza'i rdzod 'phrang mdzad / 

dags po sman pas dags po'i sngo 'bum mdzad / 

dpal sman nyi ma dpal gyis / lung sbyor yid bzhin nor bu la sogs pa mang du mdzad /

de dag la sogs pa rnams ni bod kyi sman pas gso rig ji ltar mdzad tshul lo //

[Part Two might be regarded as an appendix, since it is no longer about history per se. It is divided into two sections. Its Section One is about the ideal physician, while its Section Two is on the ideal patient. This part does remind us of some medical texts featured in recent publications that are concerned with “Good and Bad Physicians.” The manuscript as we have it only begins to speak about what kind of scripture the Four Tantras (Rgyud-bzhi) might be, as it comes to an abrupt end in the middle of this discussion. At least we may basically know that this author regards the Four Tantras as the Word of Buddha (bka’), unlike others who regard it as a humanly composed treatise (bstan-bcos).]

[20r.5] gnyis pa zhar la byung ba la ni gnyis ste / gso ba po sman pa'i rnams bzhag / gso yul nad pa'i rnams bzhag go // 

[Section One. On the doctor, the one who performs the healing]

dang po gso ba po sman pa'i rnams bzhag ni / tsa ra ka las 

gzhung gi don shes man ngag gnad du brteg //

sgom thob gtso bor chos gnyer 'dod pa spang //

dul zhing gzo mkhas 'gro la byam pa sked /

g.yel med gzhan gyi don rang 'drar sem /

gso spyad kun la ma rmongs sman pa'i mchog /

'gro ba nad pa rnams kyi mgon cig po /

rigs 'dzin drang srong rnams kyi rgyud 'dzin sras /

mtsho mdzad sman pa'i rgyal po'i sprul par bshad / [20v]

ces gsungs pas /

de yang sman pa la gces pa'i chos bco lnga ste / thams cad shes pa sangs rgyas lta bu gces / phan sems che ba sems dpa' lta bu gces / rgya bod kyi sman pa'i brda sprod pa la mkhas pa lo tstsha ba lta bu gces / bshad pa'i tshig la mkhas pa ston chen lta bu gces / nyams myong gnad du snun pa bsgom chen bzang po lta bu gces / dam tshig gtsang ma sngags pa bzang po lta bu gces / gtsang sbra che ba bram ze lta bu gces / sman gyi phyug pa bal po'i sman tshong ba lta bu gces / cha spyad 'dzom pa mgar ba mkhas pa lta bu gces / rnam rtog chung ba rnal 'byor pa zhig po lta bu gces / nad pa la rtse ba pha ma bu tsha gso ba lta bu gces / nad g.yog la mkhas pa yan mo 'dzangs ma lta bu gces / nyams myong ldan pa btso bo rgad po lta bu gces / sman spyad la nyam nga med pa dpa' bo rtsal rgyas lta bu gces / de rnams kun dang ldan pa drang srong mngon shes mkhan lta bu gces / 

yang sman pas spang bar bya ba lnga ni / 'dod pa can nor la sred pa byi la srog chags la 'dzab pa lta bu de sman pas spang / zhe sdang gis gzhan gyi srog gcod pa nags kyi dug sbrul lta bu de sman pas spang / gti mug mun ltar thibs pa dud 'gro glang rgan lta bu de sman pas spang / rang gi shes pa med par nga rgyal che ba pho gsar bsra ma phrad pa lta bu sman xxx la nor 'gal med kyang phra dog gis bzhan srung ba wa mi ro la srung ba lta bu de sman pas spang / 

gzhan yang mkhas pa stegs bzhi / shes pa bzhi / mthong ba bzhi / gtsang ba bzhi ste / sbyangs pa'i yon tan bcu [21r] xxx xxx xxx sran (?) dgos so //

de la mkhas stegs bzhi ni / dang po sman pa rang gis slob dpon de yang gso bzhi lus la mkhas pa bla ma'i stegs la 'dzeg pa / gso bya nad la mkhas pa bla ma'i stegs la 'dzeg pa / gso byed thabs la mkhas pa' bla ma'i stegs la 'dzeg pa / gso tshul 'grol ldog la mkhas pa'i bla ma'i stegs la 'dzeg pa'o //

sman pa rang gis shes pa bzhi ni / bka' babs rgyud kyi don shes pa / dgos ldan bstan bcos kyi don shes pa / zab 'grel man ngag gi don shes pa / nyams myong gnad kyi don shes pa'o //

sman pa rang gis kyang [m]thong ba bzhi ni / rtag thabs nad tshul gyi las rnams mthong ba / gnyen po sman spyad kyi las rnams mthong ba / rjes 'gro log non gyi las rnams mthong ba / spang blang zas spyod kyi las rnams mthong ba'o //

sman pa bdag nyid kyis kyang gtsang ba bzhi ni / shes bya'i yul rtsang ba / shes byed kyi blo rtsang ba / gnas skabs kyi cho ga rtsang ba / bya ba'i las rtsang ba ste / de ltar bcu drug go //

de skad du yang dpa' bo'i snying po bsdus pa las /

sman pa mkhas stegs gzhung don shes /

las rnams mthong zhing rtsang ba yin /

zhes pa dang / rgyud 'di nyid las kyang /

sman pa mkhas pa'i stegs la 'dzeg pa dang / 

gzhung gi don shes las rnams mthong zhing rtsang /

zhes gsungs pa'i phyir ro //

gzhan yang gso ba po sman pa'i [m]tshan nyid rgyas par / bshad rgyud kyi gnas bcu cig pa bya byed sman pa'i gnas su shes par bya'o //

[Section Two. On the one meant to be healed, the patient]

gnyis pa gso yul nad pa'i rnam bzhag la / [21v] nad pa ni bzhi ste / gso sla ba / gso dka' ba / spang bar bya ba / gso rung ba'o //

dang po gso sla ba la bcu gnyis ste / gso gzhi lus stobs kyi sgos nas gso sla ba / gso bya rten gyi sgo nas gso sla ba / na tshod lang tsho'i sgo nas gso sla ba / yang dag rtog spyod kyi sgo nas gso sla ba / 'jug tshul nad gnas kyi sgo nas gso sla ba / rgyu [m]tshan ma 'khrul ba'i sgo nas gso sla ba / gnod bya sla gnyan med pa'i sgo nas gso sla ba / yang dag dgra zur phyogs su ma chadpa'i sgo nas gso sla ba / gso thabs yan lag tshang ba'i sgo nas gso sla ba / bsod nams brten 'brel 'thun pa'i sgo nas gso sla ba / gso dgos nad kyi sgo nas gso sla ba / nad un dus tshod kyi sgo nas gso sla ba dang bcu gnyis so //

gnyis pa gso ka ba [~dka' ba] ni de las zlog pa rnams so //

gsum pa spang bar bya ba la gso thabs med nas spang ba dang / gso thabs yod kyang spang gnyis pa / gso thabs med nas spang ba ni shin tu phyin ci log pa dang / 'chi ltas drag po byung ba dang / srog spyod nad dgus zin pa rnams ni spang bar bya'o //

gso thabs yod kyang spang ba ni / bkur gnas gong ma la smad pa dang / rtog pa gzhan du zhen pa dang / gso thabs yal bar 'dor ba dang/ byas pa drin du mi bzo ba dang / 'jig rten pa'i grags ngan nas phyung ba rnams spang bar bya'o //

gso rung xxx xox xex xxx gang dgos lag nas thog pa rnams rgyal po lta bu'i nad pa gsor rung / [insert: sman pa la gus pa slob ma dam tshig can lta bu'i nad pa gsor rung / bring pa (?) brang por [~drang por] smra ba drang srong lta bu'i nad pa gsor rung / ji ltar na ba'i tshul bshad mkhas pa sman pa mkhas pa lta bu'i nad pa gsor rung / [22r] xxx xxx bzhag par tshugs thub pa zhe gcod can bsgrubs byed pas lta bu'i nad pa gso rung dang lnga'o //

yang srung bya thub pa dge slong btsun po lta bu'i nad pa gso rung / bag ma gsar pa lta bu'i nad pa gsor rung / xx slabs nyan pa spri'u lta bu'i nad pa gsor rung / gtar spyad theg pa gyad dpa' rtsal rgyas pa lta bu'i nad pa gsor rung / slab bya go bar shes pa slob gnyer byed pa lta bu'i nad pa gsor rung ba dang lnga'o //

yang nor la spangs pa byang chub sems dpa' sbyin pa gtong ba lta bu'i nad pa gsor rung / zas la spangs pa sbyin bdag dad pa can lta bu'i nad pa gsor rung / steng dang blo mtshan nyid du ldan pa gtso bo rgan po lta bu'i nad pa gsor rung / sman pas gang sbyin pa zas ba mul lto lta bu'i nad pa gsor rung dang lnga ste bco lnga'o //

gzhan yang zhib tu 'og na bshad rgyud kyi spang blang mu bzhi'i skabs su shes par bya'o //

de ltar gso yul gyi nad pas thog mar sman spyan 'dren pa la nad pa rab 'bring gsum ste / rab kyi ngo chen zhe sa dang bcas nas 'bod pa rgyal po lta bu'i 'gugs lugs / me tog zhu 'bul dang bcas nas spyan 'dren pa bshes [g]nyen lta bu'i 'gugs lugs so //

'bring  gis mdun gro blo stod dang bcas nas spyan 'dren pa zhang blon lta bu'i 'gugs lugs dang / 'brel ded nye lo nas mnyen mtshan bzang po lta bu'i 'gugs lugs so //

tha mas kha stong lag stong du spyan 'drn pa smangs (?) lta bu'i 'gugs lugs dang / gnyis rgyud phrin gyis 'bod pa bran lta bu'i 'gugs lugs so //

yang sman pa la mthong lugs ni / nad pa rab 'bring tha ma gsum ste / rab kyis sman pa sangs rgyas su mthong nas mos [22v] gus byed pa / sman pa rgyal por mthng nas khrims la nyan pa / slob dpon du thong nas slab bya dri ba / sman pa pha mar mthong nas drin khur ba / sman pa skyel mar mthong nas blo gtod pa dang lnga'o //

'bring gis sman pa mnyen mtshan du mthong nas mi shes kyang 'chol ba / sman pa grogs por mthong nas g.yog nga dang phan 'dogs re ba / sman pa khyim 'dzes su mthong nas snyas kyi re ba / sman pa ngo shes su mthong nas tshong lta byed pa / sman pa yul mi ru mthong nas mnyam 'grogs byed pa dang lnga'o //

tha mas sman pa g.yo can du mthong nas sman sbyor la bya ra byed pa / sman pa dgra bor mthong nas blo mi 'khyel ba / sman pa byed 'os su mthong nas che chung byed pa / sman pa g.yog 'khor du mthong nas las 'chol ba / sman pa dran [~bran] 'bangs su mthong nas rnyas pa byed pa dang lnga'o //

de ltar sman pa la mthong lugs bco lnga'o //

gzhan yang nad drag pa'i rjes la nad pa rab 'bring tha ma gsum gyi byed lugs la gsum ste / bkur sti 'bul ba zhe sa gsum nad pa rab kyis byed pa yin /

tshod myungs ba'am dus 'gags bco gsum nad pa 'bring gis byed pa yin / ngan byir bshes bkur khon gyes gsum nad pa tha mas byed pa yin /

de ltar gso ba po sman pa dang / gso yul nad pa'i rnams dbye cung zad bstan pa'o //

[Section Three. Identifying this very same great tantra set. This section isn’t actually to be found in the outlines earlier in the text.]

gsum pa rgyud sde chen po 'di nyid ji ltar ngos bzung ba ni / bcom ldan 'das de bzhin gshegs pa dgra bcom yang dag par rdzogs pa'i sangs rgyas sman gyi bla bai ḍurya 'od kyi rgyal po zhes bya ba'i thugs dang sku dang / yon tan dang phrin las sprul pa'i drang srong rig pa'i ye shes dang / gsung las sprul pa'i drang srong [23r? p. no. missing] xxxx xxs zhus lan du mdzad pa'i gso ba rig pa'i gnas / bdud rtsi snying po yan lag brgyad pa gsang ba man ngag gi rgyud chen po 'di / 'ka' [~bka']dang btan bcos [~bstan bcos] gnyis las 'ka' yin te / de'i yang dag xxx ba phyir rgyud kyi yan lag bzhi dang ldan pa bka'i lung yin pa'i phyir / lung gi yid ches bdun dang ldan pa 'ka'i man ngag yin pa'i phyir / man ngag gi 'che ba dgu dang ldan no //

de la rgyud kyi yan lag xxx gzhi las byung ba'i yan lag / gleng slong rtsa ba'i yan lag / rgyud don ngo bo'i yan lag / 'brel pa dgos kyi byed pa'i yan lag ste bzhi dang ldan no//

lung gi yid ches bdun ni / ston pa'i thugs la rtsa rgyud byung xx chos sku'i lung du yid ches / ston pa'i sku las bshad rgyud byung bas bshad rgyud long sku'i lung du yid ches / ston pa'i yon tan las man ngag rgyud byung bas man ngag rgyud ngo bo nyid kyi lung du yid ches / xx rin las phyi ma rgyud byung bas phyi ma rgyud sprul sku'i lung du yid ches / ston pa'i gsung las zhu ba po drang srong yid las skyes byung bas zhus pa sman ni lung du yid ches / rgyud bzhi sku lnga lhun grub tu byung bas sangs rgyas xx lung du yid ches / de ltar na yang dag pa'i bka' lung yin pa'i nges pas yang dag pa'i bka' lung du yid ches so //

de skad du yang lung zhes bya ba ston pa'i bka' la rtags / gang phyir sems ni rnam sbyang phyir // xx ms la nor pa med / lung ni yid ches tshig yin te / nyes pa spangs pa gang gi phyir / smra bar mi 'gyur brgyud med phyir // nges zad lung du shes par bya / ces gsungs pas /

sangs rgyas sman bla'i bka' [23v? no fol. no. visible] [g]sung du shes par bya'o / 

man ngag gis 'che ba dgu ni / sman pa byang chub mchog tu sems skyed pas / de yis 'jug sgo ma log te / theg pa gzhan gyi sgo ru 'jug mi dgos pa'i che ba / dman lhag log xx dang bral nas dbu mar blta ba sgrims pa med pa'i che ba / 'jug pa tshad med bzhi nyams su len pas sgom pa la gol sa med ba'i che ba / mi dge ba bcu la sogs pa smyo 'chal tho co rig pa ngan spyod dor xxg ma nyams pa'i che ba / lam pha rol tu phyin pa drug la spyad pas / tshogs gzhan sog mi dgos pa'i che ba / thar pa dang thas cad mkhyen pa'i ye shes thob pa 'bras bu gzhan nas / tshol mi dgos pa'i xx [b]shad pa dang lag len rgyud 'di nyid las tshang bas gso spyad gzhan la ltos mi dgos pa'i che ba / snang ba'i dgra la'ang phan thogs pas dgra bo gnyen du chod pa'i che ba / yul phyogs ris med par gang xxx kyis khur ba'i 'che ba dang dgu'o //

de ltar rgyud lung man ngag gsum ldan gyi bka' yin te /

bka' la yang bka' 'khor lo rim pa gsum du bskor ba las / bka' 'khor lo bar par rtogs pa xxx xxx pa'i dus su / rgya gar lho phyogs bê ta'i 'tshal / grong khyer chen po bde skyid zhes bya bar chos skyong ba'i rgyal po padma'i dpal zhes bya bas / de bzhin gshegs pa 'khor dang bcas pa dbyar gnas xx xx xx khor ni spyan ras gzigs dang / sha ri bu dang / drang srong ser skya dang / drang srong 'od mdzes la sogs pa theg pa chen po'i rigs can dpag tu med pa la cer thong rig pa'i rgyud sho lo ... ... ... [The final pages are missing, but in their place is a single fol. from an unrelated text devoted to architecture not transcribed here.]

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Notes on text transcription: 

I dissolve abbreviations without indicating their existence. I do this in order to increase searchability. Still, I do sometimes insert in square brackets my suggestions for corrected spelings [~spellings] to increase intelligibility even if this does impede searchability. I also preserve odd spellings without comment if they are persistent even if not entirely consistent, including syllables with superfluous final ‘s’. 

When inserted corrections are in evidence I have adopted them without comment (longer inserted passages are marked as such). Both corrections and inserted passages are usually indicated with a non-horizontal dotted line, although “x” is sometimes used. However cancelled letters, for the most part indicated by horizontal lines of small dots, have been represented here with cross-outs. These are mostly correcting dittographies.

The letter ‘x’ in my transcription indicates very roughly the number of letters (x) and syllables (xxx) missing on account of torn off corners (or in the case of fol. 23, not just tearing, but inadequate scanning as well). The missing corners are a result of moisture damage followed by mold to judge from appearances.

Some brief segments of the original manuscript are in red ink, but this is not indicated here (section titles are marked in this way, but not always). I have inserted English-language subheadings of my own wherever I have seen fit, in red font and square brackets, with the aim to assist navigation. I have transcribed the available folios of the text, numbered folios 1 through 23, although only folios 1 through 20 recto are relevant to the early history of medicine in India and Tibet, so we might regard the historical part of this history book as being complete. 

There are textual parallels for many sections of this work that could have been utilized in this transcription, particularly for their alternative spellings of proper names, and for the possiblity of filling in the gaps. But my goal at the moment is just to make the work and its content more available, not to create the perfect text. The transcription has been checked over once again to ensure greater accuracy.